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EN
Clowning is a form of humour. It is an art form that invites play, interaction, and laughter. Clown Care is a programme in hospitals and medical centres involving visits from specially trained hospital clowns. The aim of this paper is to describe the benefits and barriers associated with the clown care programme. A qualitative phenomenographical study was performed using a semi-structured in-depth interview of twelve parents with children receiving clown care in various hospital wards in a Finnish University Hospital for children. Clown care creates a positive emotional state, promotes interaction between parents and child, and fosters affirmative environmental conditions. Barriers include psychological and emotional state, severity of medical condition, developmental level, and timing and context. The findings suggest that clown care integration in the care for family and child is useful in the promotion of emotional and psychosocial well-being.
EN
On pages of chosen Warsaw social-cultural magazines published in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, as: "Ivy", "Literary Feast" whether "Family Chronicle", referred particularly to women of the intellectual origin, columnists made an attempt to make aware of the Polish society in the matters of the care and bringing up children and teenagers. Very frequent issues formed in the press were associated with philanthropic institutions and undertakings being supposed to save poor countrymen, especially children before the corruption and the poverty. They were supposed to enable them to get the profession and the work. On columns of magazines an operations of individual branches of charity societies were propagated and they were indicating, how to act in difficult practical life situations. Quite a lot of place was connected with bringing children and teenagers up, home teaching, assortment of appropriate books, holiday rest, correct feeding and for dressing. They also kept an eye on articles concerning the emotional side and the issues of the social solidarity and the help the poorest. In this way a knowledge of the society increased. An awareness of Poles enhanced itself. The Polish reader captured knowledge from the press, how social and behavioral problems were being solved abroad. Articles had moralizing character and depended only on very interested people, whether they will use the knowledge called for in the press.
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