Search results

1

The influence of selected environmental factors on the time of natural menopause in women living in the Małopolskie voivodeship

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Szwejser E., Szostek K.

Anthropological Review

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2012

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vol. 75

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issue 2

117-128

EN

The main objective of the study is to determine which of the chosen environmental factors and selected groups of such factors alter the time of natural menopause in women living in the Małopolska region. Two hundred and thirty two women aged over 40 years were investigated in a cross-sectional survey in Cracow and the surrounding area. Among them 165 women who had undergone natural menopause and had their last bleeding at least 12 month prior to the interview were chosen. To estimate the age at menopause, a retrospective method was used. Univariate and multivariate methods were employed to estimate association of age at natural menopause with factors of interest. Mean age at natural menopause was 50.32 years (SD=3.82). Among biological and socio-economic factors, only the length of the reproductive period (H=106.07; p=0.000) and the age at the time of the first birth (R=0.18; p=0.020) turned out to be associated with the age at natural menopause in the studied group. The length of the smoking period (R=-0.17; p=0.031), the amount (F=3.25; p=0.04) and frequency of alcohol consumed (H=6.95; p=0.031) were the environmental factors related to the time of menopause. Women who drank more and smoked over longer period of time were likely to experience menopause earlier than their less drinking and shorter smoked counterparts. Three factors taken together, frequency of smoking, alcoholic intake and the age the tobacco addiction started (F=3.87; p=0.050), as well as the consumption of strong alcoholic drinks and the early start of tobacco addiction (F=2.85; p=0.026) were significantly related to the occurrence of natural menopause

2

Participation of metallothionein and superoxide dismutase in the blood of smoking smelters

100%

Bizoń A., Milnerowicz H.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2014

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vol. 27

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issue 2

326-334

EN

Objectives: Metallothionein (MT) and two forms of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which are dependent on zinc and copper ions, are involved in defense against the same superoxide anion radicals and are present in extra- and intracellular compartments. The aim of our study was to investigate MT concentration and Cu/Zn SOD activity in the plasma and erythrocyte lysate of the non-smoking and smoking smelters. Material and Methods: The investigations were performed in the blood of 300 male smelters and 100 non-exposed male subjects. We have measured zinc, copper, malondialdehyde (MDA) and MT concentrations as well as SOD activity. Results: We have observed an increase of Cu/Zn coefficient and decrease of Zn/Cu coefficient in the serum of smelters in comparison with the non-smoking control group. Concentration of MDA in the plasma of smelters was higher in comparison with its concentration in the non-smoking control group. The plasma and the erythrocyte lysate MT concentration increased significantly in the whole group of smelters as compared to the non-smoking control group. The mean value of MT concentration in plasma of the smoking smelters was above 2-fold higher than in the non-smoking control group. The activity of Cu/Zn SOD in plasma of the smoking and non-smoking smelters was decreased in comparison with the smoking and non-smoking control groups, respectively. The lowest activity of Cu/Zn SOD, about 2-3‑fold decreased in comparison with the smoking and non-smoking control groups, was detected in plasma of the smelters. An inverse relationship was observed in the erythrocyte lysate. The highest activity of Cu/Zn SOD was reported in the erythrocyte lysate of the smoking smelters and it was about 2-fold higher than in the non-smoking control group. Conclusions: In extracellular environment MT plays a crucial role in comparison with the SOD, while in the intracellular compartment Cu/Zn SOD and MT cooperate with each other.

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Trends in smoking among secondary school and high school students in Poland, 2009 and 2011

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Wojtyła-Buciora P., Stawińska-Witoszyńska B., Żukiewicz-Sobczak W., Wojtyła C., Biliński P., Urbaniak M., Wojtyła A., Marcinkowski J. T., Wojciechowska M.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2017

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vol. 30

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issue 5

763-773

EN

Objectives To determine the age and the most common circumstances for smoking initiation along with smoking rates and to evaluate smoking trends for secondary and high school students in Poland during 2009 and 2011. Material and Methods In 2009, a pilot study was conducted in districts of Poland on high school students and their parents. For statistical analysis, correctly completed questionnaires from 999 students and 667 parents were qualified for use. After the pilot study, a nationwide study of secondary school students and their parents was also conducted in 2009. For statistical analysis, correctly completed questionnaires were used from 9360 students and 6951 from their parents. The research tool was a questionnaire developed by the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate. These studies were then compared to the nationwide research study from 2011. Questionnaires were obtained from a survey of 3548 students from secondary schools and 4423 of those from high schools. Results Smoking initiation usually begins at ages 12–15 years. Rates of secondary school student smoking at least once in their lifetime were about the same level in the surveyed years (2009 – 9%, 2011 – 11%), whereas rates of high school student smoking increased (2009 – 15%, 2011 – 24%). Moreover, 34% of secondary school student smoked less than once a week, whereas in 2009, only 8% of students had done so. For high school students, a 1/2 smoked every day; similar to 2009. Students usually smoked in parks, on streets or any other open space areas. Conclusions From analyzing the smoking trends over the survey period it can be concluded that the problem of smoking increases with respondent age. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(5):763–773

4

Deteriorations of pulmonary function, elevated carbon monoxide levels and increased oxidative stress amongst water-pipe smokers

75%

Yalcin F. K., Er M., Hasanoglu H. C., Kilic H., Senturk A., Karalezli A., Ergin M., Erel O.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2017

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vol. 30

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issue 5

731-742

EN

Objectives A water pipe (hookah) is a tobacco smoking tool which is thought to be more harmless than a cigarette, and there are no adequate studies about its hazards to health. Water-pipe smoking is threatening health of the youth in the world today. The objective of this study has been to investigate the carbon monoxide (CO) levels in breath, examine the changes in pulmonary function tests (PFT) and to assess the change of the oxidative stress parameters in blood after smoking a water pipe. Material and Methods This study is a cross-sectional analytical study that has included 50 volunteers who smoke a water pipe and the control group of 50 volunteers who smoke neither a cigarette nor a water pipe. Carbon monoxide levels were measured in the breath and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed before and after smoking a water pipe. Blood samples were taken from either the volunteer control group or water-pipe smokers group after smoking a water pipe for the purpose of evaluation of the parameters of oxidative stress. Results Carbon monoxide values were measured to be 8.08±7.4 ppm and 28.08±16.5 ppm before and after smoking a water pipe, respectively. This increment was found statistically significant. There were also significant reductions in PFTs after smoking a water pipe. Total oxidative status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were found prominently higher after smoking a water pipe for the group of water-pipe smokers than for the control group. Conclusions This study has shown that water-pipe smoking leads to deterioration in pulmonary function and increases oxidative stress. To the best of our knowledge this study is the only one that has shown the effect of water-pipe smoking on oxidative stress. More studies must be planned to show the side effects of water-pipe habit and protective policies should be planned especially for young people in Europe. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(5):731–742

5

Cigarette smoking and mammographic breast density among Polish women

75%

Pepłońska B., Kalużny P.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2021

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vol. 34

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issue 6

805-815

EN

ObjectivesHigh mammographic breast density (MBD) is one of the strongest breast cancer risk factors. The results of some epidemiological studies suggest that one of the lifestyle factors likely altering breast density is cigarette smoking. The aim of this study was to assess the association between active smoking, considering in detail the duration and intensity of smoking, and MBD among Polish women.Material and MethodsA cross-sectional study included 467 women aged 40–60 years who underwent screening mammography in Łódź, Poland. Volumetric mammographic density, fibroglandular tissue volume and non-fibroglandular tissue volume were determined based on the analysis of mammographic image (in the “for processing” format) using Volpara Imaging Software. Current and lifetime intensity of cigarette smoking was assessed based on the data from interviews. Linear and logistic regressions were fitted with estimated MBD parameters as the outcomes, and life-long smoking duration and intensity as the determinants, adjusted for major confounders.ResultsThe former smokers had a significantly lower volumetric mammographic density compared to the non-smokers in the crude analysis (p = 0.022). However, the associations became insignificant after adjustments for important confounding factors. The analyses adjusted for important confounders revealed an inverse statistically significant association between the number of pack-years and volumetric mammographic density among the current smokers (p = 0.048).ConclusionsThe observed result is consistent with the majority of previous studies that analyzed the associations between mammographic density and life-long smoking duration.

6

Authors’ response (December 7, 2017) to the letter to the Editor concerning the paper “Trends in smoking among secondary school and high school students in Poland, 2009 and 2011”

75%

Wojtyła-Buciora P., Stawińska-Witoszyńska B., Żukiewicz-Sobczak W., Wojtyła C., Biliński P., Urbaniak M., Wojtyła A., Marcinkowski J. T., Wojciechowska M.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2018

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vol. 31

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issue 4

541-542

7

Cigarette smoking among 17–18 year old adolescents – Prevalence and association with sociodemographic, familial, sport, and scholastic factors

51%

Idrizovic K., Zenic N., Tahiraj E., Rausavljevic N., Sekulic D.

Medycyna Pracy

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2015

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vol. 66

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issue 2

153-163

PL

Wstęp Mimo że wiek dorastania jest uważany za okres bardzo ważny z punktu widzenia zapobiegania nałogowi palenia tytoniu, nie ma badań poświęconych temu tematowi w Kosowie. Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie specyficznych dla płci czynników skłaniających do palenia młodzież z Prisztiny w Kosowie. Materiał i metody Badaniami objęto 1002 osoby w wieku 17–18 lat (366 chłopców, 636 dziewcząt) z 12. klasy. Pod uwagę wzięto zmienne socjodemograficzne, nadzór rodzicielski, poziom wykształcenia rodziców i czynniki związane z uprawianiem sportu. Zastosowano test Chi² oraz analizę regresji logistycznej metodą krokową z zastosowaniem zmiennej kryterialnej (palenie vs niepalenie). Wyniki Odsetek palaczy był wysoki (papierosy paliło 40% chłopców i 31% dziewcząt, w tym 7% dziewcząt i 12% chłopców codziennie). Model regresji wykazał, że częstsza nieobecność w szkole (iloraz szans (odds ratio – OR): 1,544; 95% przedział ufności (confidence interval – CI): 1,063–2,243), więcej nieusprawiedliwionych nieobecności w szkole (OR: 1,360; 95% CI: 1,029–1,796) i nadmierne zainteresowanie rodziców (OR: 1,530; 95% CI: 1,020–2,295) były istotnymi predyktorami palenia wśród chłopców. Wśród dziewcząt wyższe ryzyko palenia wynikało z gorszych postępów w nauce (OR: 1,467; 95% CI: 1,089–1,977), częstszej nieobecności w szkole (OR: 1,565; 95% CI: 1,137–2,155), częstszych konfliktów z rodzicami (OR: 1,979; 95% CI: 1,405–2,789) i poczucia zbyt małej opieki rodzicielskiej (OR: 0,602; 95% CI: 0,377–0,962). Okazało się, że uprawianie sportu nie ma istotnego wpływu na nałóg palenia. Stwierdzono jednak wysokie ryzyko codziennego palenia przez chłopców, którzy przestali uprawiać sport zespołowy. Wnioski Wyniki niniejszej pracy potwierdzają, że badając czynniki, które wpływają na palenie tytoniu wśród młodzieży, należy brać pod uwagę różnice związane z płcią i kulturą. Med. Pr. 2015;66(2):153–163

EN

Introduction Though adolescence is recognised as a critical period for smoking prevention, there is a lack of research focused on this issue in Kosovo. The aim of this study has been to examine the gender-specific factors of influence (predictors) for smoking among adolescents in Pristina, Kosovo. Material and Methods The study sample comprised 1002 adolescents at the age of 17–18 (366 boys, 636 girls), all of whom were in the school’s 12th grade. The predictors included sociodemographic variables, familial (i.e., parental) monitoring, parents’ educational background, and sport-related factors. The Chi² and forward stepwise logistic regression analyses with a dichotomous criterion (smoking vs. non-smoking) were applied. Results The incidence of smoking was high (31% and 40% smokers, including 7% and 12% daily smokers for girls and boys, respectively). The regression model revealed more frequent absence from school (odds ratio (OR): 1.544; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.063–2.243), more unexcused school absences (OR: 1.360; 95% CI: 1.029–1.796), and frequent parental questioning (OR: 1.530; 95% CI: 1.020–2.295) to be significant predictors of smoking among boys. For girls, a higher risk of smoking was associated with lower scholastic achievement (OR: 1.467; 95% CI: 1.089–1.977), more frequent absence from school (OR: 1.565; 95% CI: 1.137–2.155), increased conflict with parents (OR: 1.979; 95% CI: 1.405–2.789), and a self-declared perception of less parental care (OR: 0.602; 95% CI: 0.377–0.962). Sports were not found to be strongly related to smoking. However, a high risk of daily smoking was found among boys who participated in team sports and subsequently quit. Conclusions This study reinforces the need for gender- and culture-specific approaches to studying the factors that influence smoking among adolescents. Med Pr 2015;66(2):153–163

Refine search results

The influence of selected environmental factors on the time of natural menopause in women living in the Małopolskie voivodeship

Participation of metallothionein and superoxide dismutase in the blood of smoking smelters

Trends in smoking among secondary school and high school students in Poland, 2009 and 2011

Deteriorations of pulmonary function, elevated carbon monoxide levels and increased oxidative stress amongst water-pipe smokers

Cigarette smoking and mammographic breast density among Polish women

Authors’ response (December 7, 2017) to the letter to the Editor concerning the paper “Trends in smoking among secondary school and high school students in Poland, 2009 and 2011”

Cigarette smoking among 17–18 year old adolescents – Prevalence and association with sociodemographic, familial, sport, and scholastic factors