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EN
Old Polish Tatra guides manuscripts, the so–called “spiski” (a specific type of informant of the Tatras and the treasures hidden in them) are rich in a variety of puzzles and codes that require theoretical knowledge but also a field practice. Theoretical knowledge, which has ideal reader (or the holder of the manuscript), consists elements of alchemy, knowledge of the topography, as well as knowledge of the symbolism of the rock–carved characters (which to this day are found in the Tatras, mostly in caves of Zadnia Jaworowa Valley). Attempt to correctly interpret the information in the enigmatic content is complicated by the fact that these texts were a priori designed for the initiated, could also have two recipients — as demonstrated by some of the descriptions of the roads. The message addressed to the initiated includes both the puzzles about the location of Seven Bolts and Frog Lake in the Tatras, and intricate descriptions of trails, constructed so that accidental holder of the manuscript (or competitor) had difficulty in choosing the right way. Aim of this study is to look at the structure of puzzles and ciphers in various forms of “spiski”.
EN
Ladislav Hejdánek (1927–2020) is known as a thinker who strove to develop his concept of so-called non-objectifying thinking. But he is not an isolated author in this respect. From amongst the world philosophers, Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) also explored a similar issue. Both were convinced that our thinking did not allow us to adequately thematize reality (or certain aspects of reality) and disproportionately objectified it. The study attempts to, in outline, chart, contrast and critically assess these reflections. Jaspers’ alternative to this objectifying thinking is given to be his concept of ciphers of transcendence, by which non-objectifiable reality is to be represented symbolically and without the use of concepts. Hejdánek finds internal contradictions in Jaspers’s conception and proposes his own alternative, which does not allow for the abandonment of thinking in concepts but for its development by working with non‑objective intentions. The dispute between the two authors is understood as a dispute over the possibility of a future change in the way of thinking that has characterized the European tradition up until now.
CS
Ladislav Hejdánek (1927–2020) je znám jako myslitel usilující o vypracování koncepce tzv. nepředmětného myšlení, není však v tomto ohledu autorem ojedinělým. Ze světových filosofů svébytně řešil podobný problém také Karl Jaspers (1883–1969). Oba byli přesvědčeni, že naše myšlení nám neumožňuje adekvátně tematizovat skutečnost (či určité stránky skutečnosti) a nepřiměřeně ji zpředmětňuje. Studie se pokouší tyto jejich reflexe rámcově zmapovat, porovnat a kriticky posoudit. Jako Jaspersova alternativa vůči tomuto předmětnému myšlení je představeno jeho pojetí šifer transcendence, jimiž má být nepředmětná skutečnost míněna symbolicky a bez užití pojmů. Hejdánek v Jaspersově koncepci shledává vnitřní rozpory a navrhuje vlastní alternativu, která nepočítá s opuštěním myšlení v pojmech, nýbrž s jeho rozvinutím pomocí práce s nepředmětnými intencemi. Spor mezi oběma autory je pochopen jako spor o možnost budoucí proměny způsobu myšlení, jímž se vyznačuje dosavadní evropská myšlenková tradice.
EN
The article presents the origins of the Ministry of Public Security cipher service and the main problems associated with its functioning in 1945–1954. In this period, it operated as one of the divisions of Department II of the Ministry of Public Security and later it became the Ministry’s independent unit. Practically throughout the entire period of “People’s” Poland, it was one of the main auxiliary units of the Security Department and Security Service, and at the same time the most important unit of the repression apparatus in the broadly understood scope of ciphers, codes, encryption and decryption. Its influence was felt in the organisation and work of the cipher apparatus in the army, Citizens’ Militia, Internal Security Corps (Korpus Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, KBW), Border Protection Troops (Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza, WOP), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, foreign missions, shipping as well as several other institutions and state enterprises of the Polish People’s Republic. The MBP cipher service was organised after the Soviet pattern and for the first decade of its work was based on cipher documents produced there. By training its own group of cipher specialists, the unit was able to develop its capabilities – both in terms of creating its own ciphers and decrypting the ciphers of foreign countries. Before that, however, it struggled with many organisational problems characteristic of the early stages of the “People’s” Poland security apparatus.
PL
W artykule zostały zaprezentowane geneza służby szyfrowej MBP i główne problemy związane z jej funkcjonowaniem w latach 1945–1954. W tym okresie działała ona jako jeden z wydziałów Departamentu II MBP, a następnie się usamodzielniła. Praktycznie przez cały okres Polski „ludowej” stanowiła jedną z głównych jednostek pomocniczych UB i SB, a zarazem najważniejszą jednostkę resortów siłowych w zakresie szeroko pojętej problematyki szyfrów, kodów i dekryptażu. Świadczy o tym jej wpływ na organizację i pracę aparatu szyfrowego w wojsku, MO, KBW, WOP, MSZ, na placówkach zagranicznych, w żegludze, a także kilku innych instytucjach i przedsiębiorstwach państwowych PRL. Zorganizowano ją według modelu sowieckiego i przez pierwsze dziesięciolecie jej praca opierała się na dokumentach szyfrowych wytwarzanych w Związku Sowieckim. Dzięki wykształceniu własnej grupy specjalistów od spraw szyfrowych potrafiła rozwinąć swoje możliwości – zarówno w zakresie tworzenia własnych szyfrów, jak i dekryptażu szyfrów obcych państw. Zanim to jednak nastąpiło, borykała się z wieloma problemami organizacyjnymi, które były charakterystyczne dla początkowego etapu tworzenia aparatu bezpieczeństwa Polski „ludowej”.
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