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EN
All of the elements present within the contemporary phenomenon known as ‘circus’ can be found  in  the  symbolic  traditions  of  ancient  and  archaic  cultures,  most  often  manifested  as mythical pictures, ritual and magical acts, mythical stories and cult objects. In several previous studies we have tried to find the visual, mythical and symbolic ancient models of some classical circus acts, such as the trapeze, juggling and fire-eating. This paper discusses the act  of  tightrope  walking. The  introductory  part  presents  basic  information  regarding  this circus act, along with the phrases, elements and skills it consists of. The text continues with a historical review of this circus skill, which reaches as far back as the great civilizations of the Old World. As a mythical paradigm of this act we took the mythical representations from all over the world regarding crossing the mythical bridge conceived in its cosmological dimension  –  as  communication  through  the  cosmic  horizons (sky-earth-underworld).  This  paper reviews  several  variants  of  mythical  representations  of  the  narrow  bridge  between  ‘this world’ and the ‘underworld’ registered in different parts of the planet and originating from different ages: the log i.e. a tree trunk bridge, a snake bridge, a phallic bridge, blade bridge, and the hair i.e. string bridge. 
MK
All of the elements present within the contemporaryphenomenon known as ‘circus’ can be found  in  the  symbolic  traditions  of  ancient  and  archaic  cultures,  most  often  manifested  as mythical pictures, ritual and magical acts, mythical stories and cult objects. In several previous studies we have tried to find the visual, mythical and symbolic ancient models of some classical circus acts, such as the trapeze, juggling and fire-eating. This paper discusses the act  of  tightrope  walking. The  introductory  part  presents  basic  information  regarding  this circus act, along with the phrases, elements and skills it consists of. The text continues with a historical review of this circus skill, which reaches as far back as the great civilizations of the Old World. As a mythical paradigm of this act we took the mythical representations from all over the world regarding crossing the mythical bridge conceived in its cosmological dimension  –  as  communication  through  the  cosmic  horizons (sky-earth-underworld).  This  paper reviews  several  variants  of  mythical  representations  of  the  narrow  bridge  between  ‘this world’ and the ‘underworld’ registered in differentparts of the planet and originating from different ages: the log i.e. a tree trunk bridge, asnake bridge, a phallic bridge, blade bridge, and the hair i.e. string bridge. 
EN
Circus as parody of communism. Gargling with Tar by Jáchym TopolThis article deals with humanism in Jáchym Topol’s novel Gargling with Tar (Kloktat dehet, Prague, 2005). The Czech writer’s perspective is close to the concepts of German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, who claims that the Romans were not only the authors of the idea of humanitas but also the inventors of bloody games such as circuses. In Topol’s novel, the circus is a holistic political project. The novel refers to the ideas developed in Russia in the 1920s, when a large number of circus theories and artistic manifestos were formulated. The circus was then officially recognised as the most important form of social entertainment (together with cinema) and it gained religious, aesthetic and political functions. By using the grotesque, fantasy and parody (Czechoslovakia as a giant circus), Topol’s novel creates an alternative narrative about the Prague Spring and “normalisation”. New meanings for notions such as progress, revolution and community are also revealed. Cyrk jako parodia komunizmu. Powieść Kloktat dehet Jáchyma TopolaArtykuł analizuje pojęcie humanizmu w powieści Kloktat dehet Jáchyma Topola (Praga 2005). Czeski pisarz jest bliski koncepcji Petera Sloterdijka, który pisał, że Rzymianie oprócz idei humanitas stworzyli także krwawe igrzyska – cyrki. W powieści Topola cyrk to projekt polityczny, w którym widać wyraźne nawiązania autora do koncepcji formułowanych od lat dwudziestych XX wieku w Związku Radzieckim, kiedy cyrk (obok kina) propagowano jako najważniejszą gałąź sztuki łączącą wszystkie grupy społeczne. Wykorzystując groteskę, fan­tastykę, ale przede wszystkim parodię (figura wielkiego cyrku socjalistycznego) autor Kloktat dehet buduje alternatywną historię Praskiej Wiosny i czechosłowackiej „normalizacji”, w której nowych sensów nabierają pojęcia postępu, rewolucji i wspólnoty.
EN
In the article, the process of the formation of Circus culture in the Western Ukrainian lands in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, during the time that they were a part of the Habsburg Empire, is researched. Based on the materials of the periodical press of the studied period, it describes the Circus troupes, Acrobats and the Magicians, which visited Lviv, and their artistic cast and repertoire. The performances in the city from the leading European troupes, and artists have been described in chronological order. The processes of the evolution and the diversification of the circus genres and performances have been tracked, and the features of the development of Circus Art described throughout this period have been determined. An attempt was made to analyze the perception of circus performances in the society, and to determine the status and place of the Circus in the cultural space of that time.
EN
Despite the fact that Ossendowski’s writings do not belong to the most prominent critical voices of the nineteenth century model of a circus they are original for the Polish history of non-anthropocentric literature. This approach to the circus becomes a kind of dominant in one of Ossendowski’s texts and allows to extract "Zwierzyniec", written in 1931, from unflattering reviews by directing the text into a more significant and zoocentric forms of narration endowed in the text.
PL
The article explores the issues of circus performances involving animals based on the legal regulations in force in Poland. It contains a short history of the circus and outlines the development of legal institutions regulating its activity according to the legislation of various countries. Moreover, the article discusses current Polish legislation, pointing to its inaccuracies, and provides examples of ineffective law enforcement. It also presents the attempts of local authorities intended to limit circus shows with animals, advances arguments in favor of changing the existing regulations, and formulates de lege ferenda postulates.
|
2018
|
vol. 65
|
issue 3: Teologia moralna
117-130
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the most important proposals for changes to the Polish legal provisions regarding animal protection. These mainly concern the tightening of penalties for crimes that animals are the victims of, raising the level of their wellbeing, introducing a ban on animal performance in circuses and breeding of fur-bearing animals, as well as limiting ritual slaughter solely to the needs of members of religious associations operating on the territory of the Republic of Poland. It seems that all of these postulates should be viewed as positive because they are a practical sanctioning of the obligation to treat animals with kindness and tenderness.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie najważniejszych propozycji zmian w polskich zapisach prawnych dotyczących ochrony zwierząt. Dotyczą one przede wszystkim zaostrzenia kar za przestępstwa, których ofiarami są zwierzęta, podniesienia poziomu ich dobrostanu, wprowadzenia zakazu występu zwierząt w cyrkach i hodowli zwierząt futerkowych oraz ograniczenia uboju rytualnego wyłącznie do potrzeb członków związków wyznaniowych działających na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Wydaje się, że wszystkie te postulaty należy ocenić pozytywnie, gdyż są one praktycznym usankcjonowaniem obowiązku odniesienia się do zwierząt z życzliwością i wrażliwością.
PL
Iluzjonista w powieści Michaiła Szyszkina Zdobycie Twierdzy Izmaił oraz w twórczości Vladimira Nabokova pojawia się w nawiązaniu do tradycji platońskiej, w kontekście działań twórczych, które z kolei kojarzone są z boską kreacją świata (triada Stwórca – iluzjonista – pisarz). W związku z tym postać maga często występuje jako metafora autora tekstu – on też ma zdolność tworzenia czegoś z niczego, sprawia, że coś może znikać, czy ulegać przemianom. Zarówno Szyszkin jak i Nabokov (np. w utworach Król, dama, walet i Blady ogień) do sztuki iluzji porównują kreację światów literackich, co szczególnie u współczesnego prozaika kojarzone jest z powstaniem wszechświata. Istotnym motywem związanym ze sztuką iluzji jest znikanie/śmierć bohaterów (Kartoflany Elf, Obrona Łużyna Nabokova), co ma swe korzenie w tradycji literatury rosyjskiej i wiąże się z podkreśleniem roli autora tekstu jako siły sprawczej rozwoju fabuły utworu.
EN
The illusionist in Mikhail Shishkin’s novel The Taking of Izmail and in Vladimir Nabokov works appears in reference to the Platonic tradition, in the context of creative efforts, which, in turn, are associated with the divine creation of the world (the Creator - illusionist – writer triad). Therefore, the character of  the magus often functions as a metaphor of the author of the text: he also has the ability to create something out of nothing; he can make something disappear or undergo transformations. Both Shishkin and Nabokov (e.g. in King, Queen, Knave, and Pale Fire) compare the creation of literary worlds to the art of illusion, which is especially associated with the origin of the universe in contemporary prose writers. An important motif related to the art of illusion is the disappearance / death of heroes (The Potato Elf, and The Luzhin Defense by Nabokov), which has its roots in the tradition of Russian literature and is connected with emphasizing the role of the author of the text as the driving force for the development of the story.
JA
近年アニマル・スタディーズが台頭し、主観性という平等権の究極の形が問われるようになった。 芸術と文学は科学者にとって不可能なことを可能にするが、多和田は人間を熊の目で見ることに挑み、そのヒーローたちに主観性と論理的思考を与えた。そのおかげで彼らは人間に対して審判を下すことができるのである。 人間の残酷さが批判され、それらが事実上多かれ少なかれ減少している今日においてもなお、動物達にとって人間は理解できないものだと人々は信じている。多和田は、それは私達の大きな誤りで、私達は彼らに私達自身の多くのことを教えてもらえると述べているのである。
EN
Nowadays, as animal studies are being developed, there arises a question of the supreme form of equality in rights, that is subjectivity, in the case of animals. Since art and literature make possible what is impossible for scholars, Tawada is trying to look at human beings with the bear’s eye, granting her heroes subjectivity and the capacity for rational thought; therefore, they are able to judged human beings. Today, when men’s cruelty is criticized and more or less effectively reduced it, but the human being still believes that he is impenetrable for the animals. Tawada says: That is our great fault. We can learn a lot about ourselves from them.
PL
Artykuł porusza zagadnienie edukacji teatralnej z wykorzystaniem elementów sztuki cyrkowej w pracy projektowej z młodzieżą w kontekście międzypokoleniowym i międzynarodowym. Na przykładzie dwóch polsko-francuskich projektów „Szekspir Projekt” i „MOON”, których celem była artystyczna wymiana między francuskimi aktorami zawodowymi oraz młodzieżową grupą artystów cyrkowych z Klubu 303 Ośrodka Kultury Kraków–Nowa Huta, autorka prezentuje wielowymiarowe (wychowawcze, społeczne i międzykulturowe) oddziaływanie teatru.
EN
The article discusses the issue of theatre education with the use of circus art elements in workshops for youth in the intergenerational and international context. Using as examples two Polish-French projects named „Shakespeare Project” and „MOON”, whose aim was an artistic exchange between professional French actors and a group of young circus artists from Klub 303 Ośrodka Kultury Kraków–Nowa Huta, the author presents multidimensional (educational, social and intercultural) influence of theatre.
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