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Les Formes de la participation des citoyens des citoyens au fonctionnement de la République Populaire de Pologne

100%

Zawadzka B.

Contemporary Central and East European Law

1987

issue 1-4(73-76)

5-25

The article presents the forms of the citizens’ participation in governing the state in socialist countries. As it is highlighted at the beginning of the article, this participation is much more intensive than in democratic countries of Europe. This is because, in socialist countries, participation is not limited to election of the citizens’ representatives every few years, but is, in different forms, realised constantly. These different forms of participation are analysed in the further part of article.In the socialist countries, participation is realised by electing the representatives who express the will of their electors and who are responsible before them, and even can be revoked before the end of their mandate. On the contrary, in democratic countries the representative is independent from the electors. In Poland there is a special notion of self-administration, which does not exist, neither in western Europe countries, nor in other socialist countries. It is embodiment of direct participation. Its realisation is provided by the activity of council of people (in countryside, cities and on the voivodship level), work councils in the enterprises, socio-professional self-administration in agriculture, cooperative self-administration and professional associations. Indirect participation is realised by social and political associations as Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth (PRON) whose broad public support justifies its broad competences (it, inter alia, organizes common consultations on proposed legal acts). Other examples are: Association of Combatants that takes care of the combatants’ rights and Environment Protection League. The exercise of state’s organs’ tasks also needs citizens’ participation, especially on the local level and in the judicial system – participation of jury in courts and the special organ judging the offences (called kolegium do spraw wykroczeń). There are also many organisations of social character, as Polish Women League, Consuments’ Federation, Social Committee against Alcoholism, Nature Protection League, National Technical Federation, Childhood Friends Society and many others. The special prerogatives are given to the Supreme Chamber of Control. Constitutional role of these institutions has been analysed in the further part of the article. Significant element of the citizens’ participation are the consultations over the projected legal acts and, existing also in other socialist countries, referendums. The results of the actions taken by the aforementioned forms of participation can be legally bounding (as the decision adopted by the majority in referendum) or may constitute only consultative opinion, for example in a form of recommendations. The last part of the article analysis the domains in which citizens’ participation may be of great importance, for example in law-making process, jurisdiction, in the executive, in social control, both on central and on local level. The conclusion is very optimistic for the future, as the citizens’ participation is constantly developing and it brings measurable effects that let the citizens feel they are part of the changes that are having place in People’s Republic of Poland.

Processes of decision making on energy issues: micro and macro analysis (the case of Poland 2015)

51%

Iwińska K., Ruszkowski P.

Securitologia

2015

issue 2 (22)

95-106

Article tackles the idea of environmental and participatory democracy in Poland. Due to Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters known as the Aarhus Convention people should be involved in decisions concerning environment and energy issues in the country. All large investments, and those are certainly investments in energy infrastructure, are associated with a variety of interest groups and organizations. The main goal of this article is to show the decision making processes do not come across the knowledge and public information on nuclear energy in Poland. We present the context and background for the structural model of energy decisions using and reinterpreting survey data from 2014 and 2015 from the opinion polls on various sources of energy in Poland. From this point of departure we distinguish the micro-, meso- and macro- level of energy decisions.

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1 Contemporary Central and East European Law

1 Securitologia

1 Iwińska K.

1 Ruszkowski P.

1 Zawadzka B.

1 2015

1 1987

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Les Formes de la participation des citoyens des citoyens au fonctionnement de la République Populaire de Pologne

Processes of decision making on energy issues: micro and macro analysis (the case of Poland 2015)