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The article focuses on the essence of the institution of citizenship by describing its elements which are of constitutive character. It first reviews multiplicity of meanings and applications of this institution and its legal definitions. The author claims that from the legal point of view the relation created by the institution of citizenship is twofold: intrastate, but also legal and international. Therefore, the characteristics of citizenship have to take into consideration this dual character. In the final section she discusses which rights and responsibilities are vital element of institution of citizenship.
EN
In the first part of the article the concept of associative duties and their justification as distinctive from general moral duties are analyzed. The second part considers associative duties to fellow citizens and distinguishing features of those duties such as reciprocity, mutuality and equal status. In the final part the author deals with specific cases concerning refugees and stresses arguments as to why the associative duties of co-citizens should overcome duties to refugees, as well as the failures of those arguments. It is argued that the status of refugees is different from the status of other non-citizens, such as immigrants, due to the lack of institutional representation and protection.
EN
It was typical of people living at the time of burgeoning democracy to ask how to live and act in order to gain respect among fellow citizens. Different authors across Europe were trying to respond to those questions. So were those from the First Polish Republic. Some Polish authors worked on translations of Western works (e.g. Łukasz Górnicki). Others followed the convention of writing texts in Latin (e.g. Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro). Still others, like Mikołaj Rej, preferred simplicity of content. Form and individual elements of the collection of warnings and instructions varied. However, they were always aimed at the reader who was willing to play a part in society and politics.
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