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EN
Evolving threats to national security have resulted in the adoption of comprehensive (total) defence concepts by a number of small and medium states. Civil resistance constitutes a considerable part of such concepts, complementing military defence. The historical experience of Lithuania proved the value of nonviolent resistance between 1988 and 1991 for regaining independence, and defending it in January 1991. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of non-violent civil resistance in the national defence system, based on the experience of 13 January 1991 in Lithuania and develop further discussion about the concept of civil resistance. The methodological approach of the article is based on historical and theoretical analysis. This allows the experience of Lithuania to be assessed on the basis of Lithuanian National Security and Defence Strategy and scientific research. Lithuanian non-violent civil resistance in 1988–1991 was successful in terms of strategy, leadership, organisation, planning, non-violence priorities and the number of citizens involved. The leaders of the movement were able to mobilise people into a widespread movement based on their moral authority and value orientations, strongly appealing to different groups in society. Lithuania’s independence was achieved with minimal human sacrifice, preserving the country’s resources and infrastructure. This experience of non-violent civil resistance came to be used by modern state institutions to create strategic documents of the state. In the current situation, it is necessary to focus not only on the knowledge required for state defence and civil resistance, but also on its moral aspects such as values, ethical behaviour, civic and human maturity.
EN
This article is focused on the specific kind of collective action called civil resistance which is one of the most explored themes in contemporary Colombian academic research. The article consists of three case studies which show how this phenomenon has been realized by communities who live in the state’s unprotected areas of Colombia. Each of these communities represents a different ethnic group of the Colombian state (indigenous Nasa, Afro-Colombian communities from river Yurumanguí and mestizo people from river Ariari) as well as different types of civil resistance. The goal of this thesis is not only to specify the type of peace initiative of each particular community, but also to find shared characteristics which could represent the original common cause of the creation of civil resistance.
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