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EN
In the article, his author attempted to systematize various concepts and approaches to the issue of security by representatives of political realism. Political realism set out the main directions of thinking about security during the Cold War, however, focusing on the basic elements of the international system, including state security and mechanisms of peace and war, remains the dominant theory of international politics, which is worth reaching for inspiration for the development of security studies. The article presents the main assumptions of a realistic vision of security, the approach to security by representatives of traditional realism and current trends.
EN
This article examines which theory of international relations is best suited for the analysis of energy resources in international relations. The article suggests that realism paradigm theories might provide a useful starting point from a descriptive method in the studies of energy resources in foreign policy. The idealism paradigm downplays the strategic importance of energy resources, and suggests simplified view that statesmen are economically rational actors. Realism suggests that energy resources are power elements included in states' foreign policy when states seek to expand influence abroad. Detailed examination of classical realism, neorealism, defensive realism, offensive realism and neoclassical realism suggests that neoclassical realism allows extend the analysis of energy resources' role in states foreign policy. Interactions and variables in neoclassical realism suggest the broadest explanations and predictions.
EN
Military intervention in Libya in 2011 led to regime’s overthrow, yet the rebels’ victory did not resulted in political transformation towards democracy. Post-war Libya was a fragile state, which eventually plunged into another civil war. The author analyses the ethical aspect of 2011 military intervention. The emphasis is put on the U.S. foreign policy in the eve of a potential genocide. Hans Morgenthau’s realism, which has both descriptive and normative aspect, is adopted as an analytical framework. The main purpose of diplomacy, the preservation of peace, is achievable, according to Morgenthau, only if foreign policy is devoided of „the crusading spirit”, defines its objective in terms of national interest, takes national interests of other states into account, and is willing to compromise. Referring to Morgenthau’s rules of diplomacy, it is argued that the U.S. decision to participate in the intervention was not prudent or ethical. The study shows also that the main assumptions of consequentialist ethics offered by Morgenthau are still a valid and interesting tool for analysing decision-making process preceding state’s involvement in a military intervention.
PL
Przeprowadzona w 2011 r. interwencja militarna w Libii doprowadziła do obalenia reżimu, jednak w jej następstwie nie doszło do transformacji ustrojowej w kierunku demokracji. Kolejne lata to okres destabilizacji wewnętrznej oraz drugiej wojny domowej. Mając to na uwadze, autor rozważa etyczny aspekt zrealizowanej operacji zbrojnej, skupiając się na polityce zagranicznej USA w obliczu potencjalnego ludobójstwa. Za ramy analityczne przyjęto realizm Hansa Morgenthaua – koncepcję o aspekcie deskryptywnym i normatywnym, która za nadrzędny cel dyplomacji uznaje utrzymanie pokoju. Jest to możliwe, jeśli polityka zagraniczna jest pozbawiona „ducha krucjaty”, kieruje się interesem narodowym, uwzględnia interesy innych państw oraz jest gotowa do osiągania kompromisów. Nawiązując do wskazanych przez Morgenthaua zasad dyplomacji, autor wyciąga wniosek, że decyzja USA o udziale w interwencji militarnej w Libii w 2011 r. była nieroztropna i nieetyczna. Analiza wskazuje również, że konsekwencjalistyczna etyka w wersji zaproponowanej przez Morgenthaua może stanowić użyteczną ramę analityczną pozwalającą ocenić proces decyzyjny poprzedzający udział państwa w interwencji zbrojnej.
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