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Powojenne przemiany czeskiego ustawodawstwa dotyczącego małżeństwa (wybrane zagadnienia)

100%
Banaszkiewicz B.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
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2021
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vol. 30
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issue 3
369-504
EN
The article presents the evolution of Czech (and, before 1993, Czechoslovak) legislation on marriage after World War II, including the legislation currently in force, as well as selected legal ideas for the future. The author distinguishes five historic stages of the legislative changes in question: (1) unification acts 1949–1950 and their amendments introduced in the 1950s; (2) recodification acts in the 1960s with amendments introduced before 1989; (3) first legislative changes in the wake of the fall of the Communist regime (1991–1992); (4) the so-called big amendment in 1998 and subsequent changes in the Family Act 1963; (5) Czech recodification which entered into force on 1 January 2014. In relation to these stages, the author describes an partially evaluates legislative changes, especially those regarding the following issues: the statutory definition of marriage (insofar as it has been developed), as well as statutory provisions concerning the purpose of marriage and the essential rights and duties of the spouses; capacity to enter into marriage, legal impediments to marriage and the legal consequences of disregarding an impediment; legal reasons for divorce, legal reasons for rejecting divorce petition despite the existence of a divorce reason, divorce proceedings; maintenance obligation between spouses and between divorced spouses; legal standing of a decedent’s spouse under inheritance law. Legislative changes are discussed in the context of the constitutional background and by selective references to Czech case law and jurisprudence. A part of the article includes an overview of and a commentary on the bills filed during the 8th legislative period (2017–2021) of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament with a view to amending a number of legal provisions on marriage. The last part of the article includes author’s reflections de lege lata and de lege ferenda on some problems of the institution of divorce and of the standing of a decedent’s spouse in Czech law.
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Czy nowa kodyfikacja prawa cywilnego jest potrzebna w czasie kryzysu prawa?

61%
Andrzejewski J.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2014
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vol. 76
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issue 1
77-90
EN
This paper reflects on the justified reasons that underlay the continuation of the works on a new version of the Polish Civil Code. The author proposes a departure from the current method of the regulation of the civil code, which seems to be now exhausted and offering no hope of improvement. He justifies his views by indicating the necessity to face and challenge the imminent crises that affect the legislature (de-codification, hasty and not well thought over decisions of amendments, or departure from the law-making model based on negotiations) but also the science of civil law (the crisis of universities – the teaching focused on the needs and expectations of a mass student group and the dogmatic-views of the researchers) and the judicature in which the judges are brought down to the position of ‘higher level clerks’ working in work overloaded courtrooms. The paper identifies the insufficiencies of the current reflection on private law, and to illustrate this, two examples are offered: the recent and doubtful amendments to the Civil Code (to which a new provision of Article 72 § 2 was added) and the insufficient doctrinal reflection given to exploitation (Article 388 of the Civil Code). In conclusion the author proposes a departure from the current system in favour of a system whose roots are based on legal principles defined and precised by legal science and judicial decisions.
PL
W artykule podjęto refleksję nad zasadnością kontynuacji prac nad nowym kodeksem cywilnym. W tym względzie autor wskazuje na konieczność porzucenia dotychczasowej metody regulacji, gdyż ta już się wyczerpała i nie daje nadziei na poprawę sytuacji. Swoje zapatrywania autor uzasadnia koniecznością zmierzenia się z zasygnalizowanymi w tekście kryzysami, dotykającymi zarówno legislatywę (zjawisko dekodyfikacji, nieprzemyślane nowelizacje, odejście przez ustawodawcę od negocjacyjnego modelu tworzenia prawa), jak i naukę prawa cywilnego (kryzys uniwersytetów – prowadzenie dydaktyki zorientowanej na masowego studenta oraz nadmierne hołdowanie metodzie formalno-dogmatycznej przez badaczy), a także judykaturę (sprowadzenie sędziów do roli „lepszych urzędników”, nadmierne obłożenie sądów). W artykule wskazano nadto na niedomagania obecnej refleksji nad prawem prywatnym, a by to zilustrować, wykorzystano dwa przykłady: niedawnej wątpliwej nowelizacji Kodeksu cywilnego (dodanie nowego przepisu art. 72 § 2 k.c.) oraz niedostatecznej refleksji doktrynalnej nad zjawiskiem wyzysku (art. 388 k.c.). W konkluzji autor proponuje odejście od obecnego modelu, w którym centralną pozycję zajmuje pandektystyczny kodeks cywilny, na rzecz systemu ruchomego, którego rdzeniem są zasady prawne, doprecyzowane przez naukę i orzecznictwo.
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K 140. výročí narození profesora JUDr. Jana Krčmáře

58%
Kuklík J.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2017
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vol. 156
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issue 7
569-586
EN
Jan Krčmář (1877-1950) could be regarded as one of leading Czech experts in civil law of first half of 20th century.He was a follower of Antonín Randa and in his scientific work he specialized in private international law.Krčmář also published system of the Czech civil law in five books, which was used as a textbook at the Czech Law Faculty in Prague until 1948. He was influenced not only by legal positivism but also by new methodological approaches spreading from Germany. He took an active participation in the legislative activities of newly established Czechoslovakia after 1918 (especially concerning land reform) and he served also as an legal expert during Paris Peace conference and during League of Nations sessions. Krčmář greatly contributed to the codification proposal of new Czechoslovak Civil Code of 1937 and after 1948 he took part also in the codification of Civil Code during the so called Two years “legal plan” initiated by new Communist regime.
CS
Jan Krčmář (1877-1950) patřil mezi nejvýznamnější civilisty, kteří působili na pražské právnické fakultě. Patřil mezi žáky Antonína Randy a ve své vědecké a pedagogické práci se zaměřil jak na mezinárodní právo soukromé, tak i na vlastní občanské právo hmotné. Podařilo se mu postupně připravit a vydat ucelený systém občanského práva platného v českých zemích. Byl ovlivněn nejen právním pozitivismem, ale i některými novými metodologickými přístupy německé právní vědy. Významně se podílel i na legislativní činnosti nově vzniklého československého státu (zejména na přípravě pozemkové reformy) a působil i jako expert v mezinárodních jednáních na pařížské mírové konferenci a v rámci Společnosti národů. Vrcholem jeho činnosti v této oblasti byl podíl na přípravě vládního návrhu nového občanského zákoníku, dokončeného v roce 1937. Po roce 1948 přispěl k dokončení kodifikačního a unifikačního úsilí v oblasti občanského práva v rámci tzv. právnické dvouletky.
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