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EN
This article describes the usage and occurrence of metaphorical phraseologisms and their functions in non-scientific medical articles. According to Harald Weinrich’s theory [1976] and cognitive theory of metaphors by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson [1980], metaphorical phraseologisms, as well as single metaphors can be associated with subordinate concepts. Due to high complicity of metaphors described in this article they appear in the form of constellations and have been arranged according to such concepts as: MEDICINE IS A GAME, ILLNESS IS AN ENEMY AND THERAPY IS A STRUGGLE and also SICKNESS AND LEADING TO SICKNESS IS A CRIME.
PL
The purpose of this essay is to analyze the metaphor of the “defect of a declaration of will” in the legal language. The secondary goal is to note that a reflection on the metaphor is a CONTAINER image schema. Simultaneously, the metaphor of the “defect of a declaration of will” is in fact a dead metaphor. This essay is also focused upon an analysis of a function fulfilled by the metaphor in normative acts, judicial decisions, and legal doctrine.
XX
The purpose of this article is to present the phenomenon of metonymy in Mandarin Chinese using the example of emotion. After introducing the theory that explains what metonymy is and how it is understood in contrast to metaphor, examples of metonymic expressions realizing conceptual metonymy for the domain of emotion and, more narrowly, joy are presented. The starting point is the assumption of cognitive linguistics that the language and the conceptual system are in a relationship, and that the mental mechanism linking them allows to describe reality and understand it according to a subjective interpretation of the world. The examples presented in this article will show how emotions are conceptualized in Chinese.
EN
The aim of the paper is to determine how metaphors tackle the probable nature of information and uncertainty in the structure of the communication process. Since the cognitive theory of conceptual metaphors holds that metaphoric thinking and doing are unavoidable, they are employed often in explaining the communicating domains. The metaphorical conceptualizing is recognized in Shannon and Weaver’s Mathematical Theory of Communication where such abstract concepts as freedom of choice, choosing probabilities (possibilities), and uncertainty ware conceived in that way. It is described in accord with Reddy’s conduit metaphor and Ritchie’s toolmakers paradigm. In the paper the issue of both the advantages and disadvantages of metaphors is considered: mainly, how they can explain and predict ways in which people communicate their expectations or uncertainties as well as, more practically, how the probable/informational metaphors enable the management of knowledge in libraries or databases.
PL
W niniejszym artykule porównano hiszpańskie i chińskie metaforyczne jednostki leksykalne i frazeologiczne, których domeną źródłową jest opozycja między ŚWIATŁEM a CIENIEM. Jednostki te zostały zebrane, przeanalizowane i sklasyfikowane zgodnie z ich znaczeniem przenośnym. Z jednej strony zaobserwowano fakt, iż kilka grup ma takie same domeny docelowe, takie jak między innymi WIARA vs. GRZECH, WIEDZA vs. IGNORANCJA, INTELIGENCJA vs. GŁUPOTA, LEGALNOŚĆ vs. TAJNOŚĆ, ŻYCIE vs. ŚMIERĆ. Z drugiej strony istnieją szczegółowe różnice w planie powierzchniowym poszczególnych metafor, ale przede wszystkim uderzające zbiegi okoliczności na bardziej ogólnym poziomie makromodeli językowo-kulturowych, biorąc pod uwagę duże różnice językowe i kulturowe między światem hiszpańskim a chińskim.
EN
This paper compares Spanish and Chinese metaphoric lexical and phraseological units whose source domain is the opposition between light and shade. These units are collected, analysed and classified according to their figurative meanings. On the one hand, it is observed that several groups share the same target domains, such as FAITH vs. SIN, KNOWLEDGE vs. IGNORANCE, INTELLIGENCE vs. STUPIDITY, LEGITIMACY vs. CLANDESTINITY, and LIFE vs. DEATH among others. On the other hand, there are specific differences in the surface level of particular metaphors, but, mostly, striking coincidences at the more general level of linguo-cultural macromodels, taking into account the large linguistic and cultural gaps between the Spanish and the Chinese worlds.
EN
Theories of discursive integration form a group of theories that see the principles responsible for the integration of experience data (apperception) in the practices and schemes of discourse. These theories indicate that the use of language unites and organizes experience data. Their main assumption can be expressed as follows: this integration does not inhere in objects and cannot be derived from them; hence this integration cannot be secondarily expressed in language, but results exclusively from the use of language (or discourse). In this article, Witold Marzęda gives an overview of narrativist theories, script theories, Gazzaniga and Dennett’s models, which refer to evolutionary psychology, and the theories of Lakoff and Johnson – all these being theories of discursive integration. Marzęda’s main objective is to formulate a paradox, which consists in a trap of self-referentiality into which these theories fall: they postulate some general properties of discourse, which, firstly, do not have to become at once the properties of individual models and which, secondly, do not admit of falsification.
PL
Koncepcje integracji dyskursywnej to grupa teorii, które upatrują zasad łączenia danych doświadczenia (apercepcji) w praktykach i schematach dyskursu. Koncepcje te wskazują, że użycie języka jednoczy i porządkuje dane doświadczenia. Główną tezę tych koncepcji można wyrazić tak: powiązanie nie leży w przedmiotach i nie można go z nich zaczerpnąć, powiązania nie można więc wtórnie wyrazić w języku, lecz jest ono wyłącznie dziełem używania języka (dyskursu). W artykule omówiono koncepcje narratywistyczne, teorie skryptów, nawiązujące do psychologii ewolucyjnej modele Gazzanigi i Dennetta oraz koncepcje Lakoffa i Johnsona. Stanowią one reprezentacyjne teorie integracji dyskursywnej. Głównym zadaniem artykułu jest prezentacja paradoksu opartego na samoodniesieniu, w jaki popadają koncepcje integracji dyskursywnej. Ich paradoks polega na tym, że postulują pewne generalne własności dyskursu, które po pierwsze, nie muszą stać się również własnościami poszczególnych modeli, a po drugie, nie dają się falsyfikować.
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