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EN
This article describes relations between churches and civil government in the following 17th century English colonies in North America: Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland and Virginia. It should be marked that in the northern colonies all political communities created at that times were based on a congregationalism. Political rights depended on a status of freeman which was granted if an individual belonged to an approved church. Rhode Island had a special status in this context as this colony was to be characterised by a freedom of religion from its beginning. Such a freedom was also proclaimed in the middle colonies. An original shape of this postulate was assumed in Pennsylvania as documents enacted by this colony did not grant religious privileges to denominations existed there. Religious sphere was pushed aside in the southern colonie mainly because of the economic aims of the colonization of this area. Nonetheless, one can find legal rules embracing orders and prohibitions formulated in the spirit of the Anglican Church. On the basis of colonial constitutional rules following patterns of relations between church and civil government should be indicated: quasi-theocratic with limited freedom of religion, anglican with limited freedom of religion, limited separation with formally guaranted freedom of religion, constitutional separation with formally guaranted freedom of religion and mixed one. Researches presented here were elaborated according to the following methods: an analysis of legal sources and analysis of literature, including materials printed in colonial times.
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PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie podstaw porządku prawnego obowiązujących na terenach kolonialnych Cesarstwa Niemieckiego. W pierwszych dwóch częściach artykułu przedstawiono uwarunkowania międzynarodowe dla rozwoju niemieckich kolonii oraz podstawy prawne ich powstania. W trzeciej części omówiono status prawnoustrojowy, jaki posiadały one w niemieckim porządku prawnym. Szczegółowo przeanalizowano przede wszystkim rozwiązania prawne dotyczące problematyki stanów nadzwyczajnych. W czwartej części omówiono natomiast kwestie prawne związane z utratą kolonii. W artykule analizie poddano w pierwszej kolejności postanowienia Konstytucji Rzeszy z 1871 roku, które znalazły zastosowanie podczas tworzenia obszarów kolonialnych. Omówiono także inne akty prawne. Szczegółowo przeanalizowano również rozkazy cesarskie dotyczące problematyki stanów nadzwyczajnych. W opracowaniu wykorzystano także dorobek niemieckojęzycznej doktryny, która szczegółowo zajmowała się poszczególnymi zagadnieniami prawnymi.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the basis of the legal order in force in the German Empire colonial areas. The first two parts of the article outline the international conditions for the development of German colonies, and the legal basis of their establishment. The third part discusses the legal status they had in the German legal order. Here the author thoroughly analyses the legal solutions employed for the states of emergency. The fourth part presents the legal issues concerning the loss of colonies. The article includes the analysis of the provisions of the German Empire Constitution of 1871, which were applied when the colonial areas were formed. The paper also discusses other legal acts. Furthermore, the emperor’s orders for declaring the states of emergency were part of the detailed analysis. The paper also explored the attainment of German doctrine, which studied the particular legal issues in depth.
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