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EN
The world has been experiencing the era of commemoration for several decades. The events and heroes, usually doomed to oblivion until recently, are being commemorated. Many monuments appear out of an initiative of social committees. Monuments create places important for towns in which social memory is celebrated. They are an affective reference to the past and a material basis of remembering. They bring the images of the past back, facilitate remembering, as well as judge the events and establish the heroes and anti-heroes of the history. Nowadays, a traditional approach to public monuments, marked by respect, are accompanied by unconventional forms of their usage, revealing the idea crisis of such monuments as sanctified places of memory.
Mäetagused
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2022
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vol. 82
131-146
EN
Each year on 9 May Russia celebrates Victory Day with great grandeur and pathos. However, it is difficult to realize from afar how deep the roots of this pathos are and what it actually means for people to participate in these celebrations. It is also worth mentioning that, besides drilled marching and national pathos, people in some villages are used to combining Victory Day celebrations with the spring commemorations of the dead.
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88%
EN
During his life, Wojciech Kętrzyński was a renowned and valued historian, librarian and publicist. Many obituaries and commemorations appeared in magazines and academic journals after his death. The employees of the Lviv Ossolineum made sure to preserve the memory of their director also outside the town. In Lviv, Kętrzyński has had a street and one of the reading halls in Ossolineum named after him. His poems and memoir were published, along with some commemorations dedicated to his achievements. The memory of Kętrzyński has also lasted in southern parts of Eastern Prussia. Michał Kajka translated his poems into Polish, while Emilia Sukertowa-Biedrawina in Działdowo published articles about Kętrzyński in her calendars. After 1945, as Polish borders encompassed those parts of Eastern Prussia, Kętrzyński became a reclaimant, even a warrior of Polishness. In his honour, the town of Rastenburg was renamed to Kętrzyn. He has had streets and schools named after him. The research on Kętrzyński’s activities gained momentum with the establishment of the Wojciech Kętrzyński Centre for Scientific Research (Pol. Ośrodek Badań Naukowych, OBN) in Olsztyn. Thanks to the efforts of OBN, a Polish plaque appeared at Kętrzyński’s grave, which was found by Leonard Turkowski in 1969 at the Lychakiv Cemetery in Lviv. In 2008, the tombstone was renovated as a result of the activity of Kętrzyn authorities. When the old preWar fragment of the tombstone was found in 2016, it was returned to its proper place, while the medallion with Kętrzyński’s image was gifted by Kętrzyn authorities to the Wrocław Ossolineum. The memory of Kętrzyński in Warmia and Masuria was preserved by publishing his poems and research articles O ludności polskiej w Prusiech niegdyś krzyżackich [Eng. On Polish people in the previously Teutonic Prussia]. Numerous academic conferences confirmed the current nature of Kętrzyński’s conclusions. The Marshall of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeship established an all-Poland award in humanities named after Kętrzyński, contributing to the movement of commemorating the researcher in the region and in Poland. This paper summarises all such activities during the 100-years period since Wojciech Kętrzyński’s death.
EN
The Gothic collegiate church in Wiślica, founded by king Kazimir the Great in 1350, replaced older structure, What were preserved from that Romanesque church, was a twotower façade included to a new building and 13th century sculpture of Madonna. It seems that the point of this action was commemoration of the both distant and close past of the town, including the time when when citizens of Wiślica supported Władysław’s the Short struggleof power. Moreover, on the Romanesque façade a statue representing Kazimir himself was placed. Similar solutions were introduced also in other Kazimir’s foundations. Another significant point of reference is collegiate church in Vienna where at the same time older façade was preserved decorated with the founder’s statue. Yet in Wiślica such historical programme was connected with the arms of the lands ruled by Kazimir. All these elements make an image of reunited Kingdom ruled by the rightful dynasty.
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Rituals’ Narrative Logics

88%
PL
This article focuses on a double identity of rituals: the origin and main structure of rituals is narrative, and they represent a particular logic which aims at establishing a different quality of life. The narrative structure coincides with a typical characteristic of the human mind: the commemoration of striking dramatic or liberating events. Hence the ongoing concern to remember; the anamnesis intends to prevent that what among people never should be forgotten remains present in the individual and collective memory. Rituals are the most powerful means to keep memory alive. The coincidence of the faithfulness to a living tradition and the authentic commitment to present human concerns guarantees that the ritual anamnesis introduces qualitative change among the people involved.
EN
The study deals with the displacement of selected groups of inhabitants from areas that were occupied by the army and used for training and other needs of it as military training areas in Bohemia and Moravia in the twentieth century. These displacement operations affected about seventy thousand inhabitants between 1904 and 1954. In addition to the description of particular displacement operations, the study also deals with the fates of inhabitants, affected like this, as well as of depopulated and desolate villages and settlements, which mostly were demolished and razed to the ground in the subsequent years. The displacement of inhabitants from military training areas is an example of forced migration in which each period and each political system applied different procedures in relation to residents in the affected areas. While the displacement of affected inhabitants at the time of the Nazi occupation entered into the national memory as an example of the persecution of Czech citizens and it was publicly commemorated in the subsequent years, further displacement operations after the year 1945 were, by contrast, tabooed and those affected were not allowed to commemorate these events publicly. This different experience became evident in the creation of collective, or cultural memory, and it also influenced diverse forms and ways of commemorating the forced migrations from military training areas.
EN
In the last decades of the 20th c. and following 2000, a real 'boom' in founding Jewish museums throughout Europe could be observed. A lot of new institutions were established, and old ones were modernized. All this resulting from the growing urge to overcome silence over the Holocaust, to square up with the past, and to open the debate on the multiethnicity of the history of Europe. This, in turn, was favoured by the occurring phenomena: Europe’s integration, the fall of the Iron Curtain, and the development of democratic civil societies. New Jewish museums established in Europe, though inevitably making a reference to the Shoah, are not Holocaust museums as such, and they do not tell the story of the genocide. Their goal is mainly to restore the memory of the centuries of the Jewish presence in a given country, region, and town: they tell this story as part of the history of the given place, and aim at having it incorporated into the official national history. Moreover, their mission is to show the presence and importance of the Jewish heritage in today’s world, as well as to ask questions related to Jewish identity in contemporary Europe. The civilizational conflicts that arose after the relatively peaceful 1990s, outlined a new framework for the activity of Jewish museums which, interestingly, gradually go beyond the peculiar Jewish experience in order to reach a universal level. With such activities they try to promote pluralism and multicultural experience, shape inclusive attitudes, give voice to minorities, speak out against all the manifestations of discrimination and exclusion. Since these museums deal with such sensitive challenging issues, they have to well master the structure of their message on every level: that of architecture, script, exhibition layout, and accompanying programmes, thanks to which they unquestionably contribute to creating new standards and marking out new trends in today’s museology as well as in museum learning.
EN
The operations of the Department of Museums and Monuments of Polish Martyrology were launched in April 1945 as an organizational unit within the Head Authorities of Museums and Monument Preservation active within the structure of the Ministry of Culture and Art. The Department’s supreme goal was to document and visually commemorate sites connected with the martyrdom of Poles under the German occupation in 1939–45 by founding museums and raising monuments on execution sites throughout the whole country. The establishment of such an institution was a response of the government to the spontaneous social movement whose goal following the tragic war experience was to commemorate all the fallen in armed struggle and the executed in the Nazi death camps. The social initiatives inspired the authorities to coordinate such efforts, to identify the priorities in this respect, and to select various commemoration forms. These tasks, along with many other ones, were to be implemented by the Department of Museums and Monuments of Polish Martyrology. The paper deals with the characteristics of the Department’s activities, its organizational structure, as well as the detailed aims and tasks implemented over the 9 years of its operations: from the establishment in 1945 to its winding up in 1954. All the Department’s activities meant to commemorate martyrology sites can be divided into those related to the organization and establishment of museums on the sites of former camps, prisons, and Gestapo investigating offices (e.g. museums in Auschwitz, Majdanek, at Warsaw’s 25 Szucha Avenue), and those related to raising monuments to the Nazi regime’s victims. Furthermore, forms meant to continue the efforts initiated by the Department since 1954 are described. The paper is to a great degree based on the documentation preserved in the Central Archives of Modern Records, yet constitutes but an introductory outline as well as encouragement to further investigate the Department’s history.
EN
The first decades of the new millennium have seen an odd return to origins in Shakespeare studies. The Merchant in Venice, a site-specific theatrical production realized during the 500th anniversary year of the “original” Jewish Ghetto, was not only a highlight among the many special events commemorating the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s death in 2016, but also a more creative and complex response to historicism. With her nontraditional casting of five Shylocks (developed through collaborations with scholars and students as well as her international, multilingual company), director Karin Coonrod made visible the acts of cultural projection and fracturing that Shakespeare’s play both epitomizes and has subsequently prompted. This article, written by a participant-observer commissioned to capture on video the making and performance of Compagnia de’ Colombari’s six-night run in the Campo del Ghetto Nuovo, explores the way this place is-and indeed, the category of place itself is always - a dynamic temporal construct, defying more complacent attempts at simple return (to home, to the text, to the past). Such a recognition allows nuanced, hybrid forms of multicultural theater and Shakespeare scholarship to emerge, and to collaborate more fruitfully.
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Łemkowie w Centralnym Obozie Pracy w Jaworznie

75%
EN
The article presents the circumstances of settling Lemko ethnic sub-group membe rs in the Central Labour Camp in Jaworzno [CLC Jaworzno] as theresult of the Operation ‘Vistula’ carried out in 1947 by the order of communist Polish authorities. The communist labour camp in Jaworzno was established in February 1945, using the infrastructure of the former German concentration camp Neu-Dachs founded in 1943. The CLC Jaworzno was liquidated at the end of 1949 and turned into the detention center for juvenile political prisoners. It was finally shut down in 1956. Functioning between 1943 and 1956, the Camp is now known as ‘the Camp of the two totalitarian regimes’. The Lemkos and Ukrainians sent to the CLC after the Operation ‘Vistula’ were held in a separate sector of the Camp. From May 1947 until the end of 1948, 3873 prisoners of Lemko and Ukrainian origin were imprisoned in total, and 161 people died as the result of bad living conditions and brutal treatment. The issue of recollection of the Camp in the collective memory of the Lemkos and forms of commemorating the Camp and its prisoners will be discussed as well.
Linguaculture
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2011
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vol. 2011
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issue 2
23-38
EN
This essay investigates three women’s cross-dressed service in the military. Hannah Snell (1723-92) served as a British marine and fought the French in India. Deborah Sampson Gannet (1760-1827) fought the British in the American Wars of Independence and Pauline Cushman (1833-1893) claimed to have disguised herself for the Union during the American Civil War. These three are, by no means, the only women to claim action and remuneration as male combatants (Jelinek 53-62),1 when the legal extent of women’s engagement was as unpaid camp followers. However, all three gave accounts of their military exploits to the public through biographies and solo performances on stage.
EN
This article is concerned with the presence of sounds and phonic rituals in the tradition of commemoration. Commemoration expressed by sounds is a particularly vivid and full of expression experience of memory. In phonic commemoration rituals sound experience seems to be as essential as time experience. Direct reception and perception of sound is connected with a particular, specific moment in time. There are many kinds of sound experience that are present in various forms of commemoration rituals. Musical phenomena (such as songs, bugle calls, hymns), but also sound phenomena (for example bells, sirens) as well as silence can be pointed out here. The principal part of the presented article contains a discussion of some of these phenomena within the context of contemporary Polish tradition of remembrance. In this context, those forms of commemoration that are associated with national martyrdom, wars and uprisings, merit special attention.
EN
This article explores patterns of street renaming in two locations which over the last century were interchangeably controlled by Germany and Poland: Posen/Poznań and Dammvorstadt/Słubice. It examines how changes in the language of administration influenced their urban streetscape. The results demonstrate that there are several different semantic categories of street names which show varied affinity to change. Commemorative street names inscribing personal names are most prone to alteration, while those based on topology and landmarks are often translated from one language to another and retain their meaning. Street names based on place names are a heterogeneous category with directional names showing more stability than those which represent the national geographical imagery.
PL
From the outset, the 1905 revolution was a place of conflict of memory revealing the political and social divisions existing in the Polish society. In the interwar period (1918–1939), three “legends” were formed: the left assessed the revolution positively and highlighted the relevance of its experiences, the ruling camp emphasized the independence dimension, and the right strongly criticized the revolution. After 1989 the conflict was renewed. The objective of the right-wing communities and parties influencing the historical policy of the state is to exclude the 1905 revolution from the national tradition and remove its symbols from public space. For the left-wing representatives, who are the minority, the years 1905–1907 are an important collective experience that requires a new interpretation and commemorating.
EN
The article presents commemorative works of public art in Coventry, dedicated to the civilian victims of the Second World War killed in aerial bombings carried out by the German air force, the Luftwaffe. Coventry, an important industrial city in the West Midlands, was largely destroyed in a devastating Blitz carpet bombing carried out on the night of 14/15 November 1940, during which the medieval Cathedral of St Michael was burned to the ground. The first part of the text is focused on the formation within its ruins of an open sacral plane, and on the works of contemporary art which were placed there between the years 1946–2012. This is followed, in the second part, by a presentation of an unusual installation, composed from free-standing corten steel walls, commemorating people who through the centuries lived on one street, Bayley Lane, which was completely destroyed in the November Blitz. Consecutively, the urban design and selected works of public art brought into the city centre in the XXI century have been considered, and the two works: „Future Monument” and „Public Bench” of the German artist Jochen Gerz scrutinised in detail. Gerz’s works were made in collaboration with the general public, and exemplify in this paper one of the strands of public art, designed and produced by artists in close consultation with members of their prospective mass audience.
EN
Who fought for national freedom? On the significance of the Great War in interwar LithuaniaEven though the First World War was caused by tension in the east of Europe, not so long ago, quite a number of historians, as if repeating the words of Winston Churchill, tended to portray the Eastern Front in Europe as an “unknown war”. Not only was the war in the east little known, but the remembrance of the war in Eastern Europe remains little investigated. Lithuania is one of the countries in the region where for a long time nothing was known about the remembrance of the Great War. Many historians argued that this kind of remembrance simply did not exist. The article invites us to reconsider this statement by paying attention to the question of how the merits of different actors in the struggle for national freedom were interpreted and represented in interwar Lithuania. Instead of painting a monolithic picture of Lithuania, the article proposes to look at its society as a fragmented construct, whose different parts offered a rather ambiguous answer to the question.  Kto walczył o niepodległość? O interpretacji znaczenia I wojny światowej na Litwie w okresie międzywojennymPomimo że I wojna światowa była wynikiem napięć w Europie Wschodniej, to jeszcze niedawno wielu historyków opisywało działania na froncie wschodnim jako „nieznaną wojnę”, nawiązując tym samym do słów Winstona Churchilla. Zaniedbanym obszarem badań była nie tylko sama wojna na Wschodzie, lecz również pamięć o niej w tej części kontynentu. Litwa jest jednym z krajów regionu, gdzie pamięć o Wielkiej Wojnie długo pozostawała zjawiskiem zupełnie nieznanym, a wielu historyków dowodziło, że takiej pamięci po prostu nie ma. Niniejszy artykuł zachęca do zrewidowania tej opinii i zwraca uwagę na kwestię oceny i interpretacji zasług różnych uczestników walk o niepodległość Litwy w okresie międzywojennym. Artykuł proponuje spojrzenie na litewskie społeczeństwo nie jak na monolit, lecz fragmentaryczny konstrukt, w którym różne środowiska udzielały różnych odpowiedzi na postawione w tytule pytanie.
EN
National commemorations are historical events, too. While re-imagining the past to correspond with contemporary sentiments, they are themselves open to reinterpretation by future observers. The 50th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising was intended to be a liminal event, paying tribute to the veterans of the revolutionary generation while recalibrating the national narrative to be more conciliatory and less militaristic. Yet, the anniversary later became neglected as one of the sparks of the conflict in Northern Ireland and subsequently served as the grand negative example of what needs to be avoided during the preparations for the Easter Rising centenary in 2016. The organisers of this centenary eventually introduced a highly diverse programme that held inclusivity at its centre. Nonetheless, with Brexit or Covid-19 in mind, one might wonder what the afterlife of the centennial mosaic of narratives will look like. Will the popular success of the event last, or will it be overshadowed or even neglected in the future?
EN
Trying to indicate the field of science to which collective memory researcher refers most frequently in his sociological reflection, it would be no doubt the history. It seems that the sociology of retrospection is an area of sociological studies, which without the proper knowledge of historical context can not fully exploit the opportunities offered by the sociological workshop. The starting point for consideration of this problem is the analysis of interconnections of the two fields of science and its methodological proposals to examine the complicated matter of collective memory. To identify opportunities and at least potential threats of combining scientific perspectives of sociology and history, this article attempts to answer some basic questions: to what extent the historical reflection (or more – historiosophical) may be useful for memory researcher?; how the history contributes to the enrichment and improvement of conclusions drawn from a variety of empirical attempts?; whether this area has an instrumentation that can indicate other than sociological perspective of looking at the collective remembering?
PL
Dziedziną, do której najczęściej odwołuje się badacz pamięci zbiorowej w ramach refleksji socjologicznej, jest niewątpliwie historia. Badania społeczne realizowane w ramach socjologii retrospekcji w celu pełnego wykorzystania możliwości oferowanych przez warsztat socjologiczny, wymagają znajomości odpowiedniego kontekstu historycznego. Punktem wyjścia dla rozważań nad tą problematyką jest analiza wzajemnych powiązań obu dziedzin nauki i proponowanych przez nie podejść metodologicznych do skomplikowanej materii pamięci zbiorowej. W niniejszym artykule podejmuję próbę wskazania szans i potencjalnych zagrożeń wynikających z łączenia perspektyw historii i socjologii. Staram się znaleźć odpowiedź na podstawowe pytania: w jakim stopniu refleksja historyczna bądź historiozoficzna może przydać się badaczowi pamięci rozumianej jako zjawisko społeczne? Na ile badania i refleksja historyczna może przyczynić się do wzbogacenia wniosków wyciągniętych z badań empirycznych? Czy historia dysponuje narzędziami, które badaczowi społecznemu mogą wskazać inną niż socjologiczna perspektywę spojrzenia na pamięć zbiorową?
PL
W artykule poruszam wątek ustanowienia w Polsce Narodowego Dnia Pamięci Polaków Ratujących Żydów pod okupacją niemiecką. Od 2018 roku jest to święto państwowe, poświęcone wszystkim tym, którzy w czasie II wojny światowej nieśli pomoc prześladowanym Żydom. Ten ważny temat jest często wykorzystywany w debacie publicznej i narracji politycznej w sposób instrumentalny, często jako kontrargument w przypadku wspominania o negatywnych postawach Polaków w czasie II wojny światowej. Bez rzetelnej debaty włączającej głos Sprawiedliwych i badań historycznych nie będzie możliwe prawdziwe upamiętnienie tych wszystkich, którzy w czasie Zagłady pomimo niebezpieczeństwa decydowali się ratować Żydów.
EN
The article highlights a discussion on the celebration of the National Day of Remembrance of Poles who saved Jews Under the German Occupation. The Day, established in Poland in 2018, honors those who during World War II helped the persecuted Jews. This important subject is often used instrumentally in the public debate and political narration as a counterargument in discussions about the negative attitudes of Poles during World War II. Without a reliable debate including the voices of the Righteous, and without a historical research, it will not be possible to truly commemorate all those who despite danger, decided to save the Jews.
PL
In the article, I attempt a slightly closer insight into the meaning of the word “com-memorate” in Polish, German and Spanish in the hope of finding its semantic invariant. The principal aim is to answer the question which activities the verb commemorate is made to serve by the members of the three language communities when formulating utterances concerning the handing down of the memory to posterity.
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