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1

Albanian trade policy and the process of alignment with EU Common Commercial Policy

100%

Kastrati P., Shehaj E.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2015

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issue 12

226-243

EN

Albania is a member of WTO from September 2000 and is currently in a deep and substantial transformation of the trade policy. Albanian trade regime is very liberal, open and transparent fully compliant with WTO law. Accession to EU is the strategic goal of all Governments after ’90s and alignment with EU acquis is at the core of any process. EU integration is an engine for the development in all candidate or potential candidate countries. This process requires the alignment of national policies and harmonization of the legislation. Trade policy is among the most developed policies in European Union and Albania. This is mainly due to the membership in World Trade Organization (WTO) and Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with the most important trading partners. The accession of Albania to EU will significantly affect the Albanian trade policy. This paper analyses the state of play of Albanian trade policy and presents the main developments in the EU Common Commercial Policy after the Lisbon Treaty (2009). Based on this analysis the paper highlights the implications for Albanian trade policy.

2

What Are the Directions in the Enforcement of Polish Competition Law – Review of a Series of New Polish Soft Law Guidelines

88%

Laszczyk A.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2016

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vol. 9(13)

121-140

EN

A recent amendment to the Act of Competition and Consumer Protection of 2007, which entered into force in January 2015, brought with it a number of changes to the Polish competition law system introducing, among other things, several new legal institutions. This development created the need to issue new soft law guidelines in order to give some clarity as to their application. At the same time, certain pre-existing soft law guidelines of the Polish Competition Authority – the President of the UOKiK – needed updating in order to make them applicable to the new legal conditions. The aforementioned legislative changes were accompanied by an official UOKiK policy statement of openness and transparency. Given this objective, the UOKiK President provided a set of best practices for the Authority, in particular as regards its relations with undertakings. The aim of this paper is to critically review the newly adopted guidelines as well as modifications made to pre-existing soft laws. It emerges from this analysis that although the issuance of any sort of guidelines should be welcomed in general, since it improves legal certainty as to the Authority’s future conduct in individual cases, a number of problems remains which have not been sufficiently or in fact properly addressed.

FR

Une réforme récente de la Loi sur la concurrence et la protection des consommateurs de 2007, qui est entrée en vigueur en janvier 2015, a introduit un certain nombre de changements dans le système polonais du droit de la concurrence, y compris des nouvelles institutions juridiques. Ce développement a créé un besoin de publier les lignes directrices afin de donner une certaine clarté concernant l’application des institutions juridiques qui ont été introduites. En même temps, certaines lignes directrices déjà publiés par l'autorité polonaise de la concurrence - le Président de l'UOKiK - devrait être mises à jour afin de les rendre applicables aux nouvelles conditions juridiques. Les changements législatifs mentionnés cidessus ont été accompagnés par la déclaration officielle de la part de UOKiK portant sur la politique d'ouverture et de transparence. Compte tenu de cet objectif, le Président d’UOKiK a fourni un code de bonnes pratiques pour l’Autorité de la concurrence, notamment en ce qui concerne ses relations avec les entreprises. Le but de cet article est d'examiner de manière critique les nouvelles lignes directrices adoptées par le Président d’UOKiK, ainsi que d’examiner des modifications apportées aux lignes directrices pré-existantes. Il ressort de cette analyse que, même si la publication de toute sorte de lignes directrices doit être appréciée, car elle améliore la sécurité juridique concernant la conduite future de l'Autorité de la concurrence dans des cas individuels, il reste toujours un certain nombre de problèmes qui n’étaient pas suffisamment ou correctement pris en compte.

3

The Gazprom Case: Lessons of the Past For the Future

75%

Višinskienė D., Nasutavičienė J.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

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2017

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vol. 10(16)

33-56

EN

Under the EU Merger Regulation, if the Commission has concerns that a merger may significantly affect competition in the European Union, the merging companies may propose modifications to the project that would guarantee continued competition on the market. The Commission may declare a concentration compatible with the common market following such a modification by the parties and attach to its decision conditions and obligations intended to ensure that the undertakings comply with the commitments. In other words, commitments have to be offered by the parties but the Commission may introduce conditions and obligations if they are required to ensure the enforceability of commitments. Meanwhile the scope to propose merger modifications and the level of discretion of the competition authority are quite different under the Law on Competition of the Republic of Lithuania, adopted almost two decades ago. The goal of this paper is to reveal those differences and, with the help of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania in the Gazprom case, to explain how this may impact future cases.

4

Indywidualna i społeczna aktywność młodzieży jako krok na drodze ku dorosłości na przykładzie innowacyjnych projektów

63%

Dobrzyniak M.

Studia z Teorii Wychowania

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2021

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vol. XII(2 (35))

103-114

EN

Having addressed the topic of the preparation of youth to adulthood the author refers to Malcom Knowles concept in which he pointed out several aspects of this process. The author also refers to main components of the European lifelong guidance policy. References to the European guidelines with respect to youthwork lays the background for the review of threes projects. Main assumptions of each project and an outline of their implementation have been laid out in the article. The author puts major attention on the review of achievements of youth on their way to adulthood. They have been illustrated with reflections of the participants who reported on their benefits and transformations which young people experienced.

PL

Podejmując tematykę przygotowania młodzieży do dorosłości, autorka nawiązuje do koncepcji Malcolma Knowlesa, który wskazał na różne aspekty tego procesu. Autorka przytacza ogólne założenia europejskiej polityki dotyczącej doradztwa uwzględniającego perspektywę całego życia. Nawiązanie do europejskich zaleceń dotyczących pracy z młodzieżą stanowi kontekst do przeglądu trzech projektów. W artykule zostały zaprezentowane główne założenia każdego z projektów oraz zarys ich przebiegu. Więcej miejsca poświęca autorka przeglądowi osiągniętych postępów na drodze do dorosłości. Są one zilustrowane refleksjami uczestników relacjonujących pozyskane korzyści i przemiany, których młodzież doświadczyła.

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2 Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

1 Academicus. International Scientific Journal

1 Studia z Teorii Wychowania

1 Dobrzyniak M.

1 Kastrati P.

1 Laszczyk A.

1 Nasutavičienė J.

1 Shehaj E.

1 Višinskienė D.

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Albanian trade policy and the process of alignment with EU Common Commercial Policy

What Are the Directions in the Enforcement of Polish Competition Law – Review of a Series of New Polish Soft Law Guidelines

The Gazprom Case: Lessons of the Past For the Future

Indywidualna i społeczna aktywność młodzieży jako krok na drodze ku dorosłości na przykładzie innowacyjnych projektów