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EN
The issue of the article concerns the literacy of the young generation of Poles. The author shows how the texts written by secondary school students are changing under the influence of new media, the expansion of visual perception of the world and the universal acceptance of informality in the way of thinking and language use. A particular attention is given to a situational text index and interactivity. The exemplary mate­rial comes from a variety of works written by junior high school students who took part in a nationwide research.
EN
In his deliberations John Paul II, taking under consideration the description of creation of man, takes up the important issue of man's loneliness. The problem has an anthropological character. It is Yahweh who recognized that the first human being (a man) is lonely despite his very close relation with the Creator. This is why God brought into being another human being (a woman). The man then sang a song of admiration of the woman. However, creating a woman did not change the situation that God considered wrong for mankind. The Pope points to man's unconquerable, ontological loneliness resulting from the person's subsistence and subjectivity. The loneliness contains a hidden message. The first married couple mutually complementing each other by strength of the specific mystery of the human being's unity and the duality of the sex comes to their common fall. This event reveals the weakness of human reference that is based on ontic loneliness and contingency of man. An imperfect creature cannot give perfect support to God's image that is craving for perfection. Appearance of another human being, awakening the feeling of gratitude for the gift of her, and at the same time of disappointment with insufficiency of this gift, leads by the way of history of salvation and revelation towards recognizing the final rest and happiness only in God. As a consequence, inter-human loves appear to be a real panacea for personal loneliness, however, not „in itself” but they doubtless point to Absolute Love, that is to God as the only fulfillment of man's longings.
EN
The article presents an issue of colloquial communication for epistemological speech acts. The article is based on the assumptions of linguistics and philosophy of language. With the support of the examples from everyday communication the article presents the relations between truth and false in speech acts. The expressions were analyzed taking into account such factors as speaker’s personality, subjectivity, context, intention of the speaker, Austin’s typology of speech acts and phatic function. It has been found that the colloquial communication is not verifiable in terms of logics, because it is dependent on non-linguistic elements which influence the notion of truth in communication.
EN
The article discusses the electoral system in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Elections are the process of citizens electing their representatives for specific positions. In this context, the method and principles of conducting the election are important, so that its fundamental rule - universality - is preserved. Although more than a dozen electoral regulations were in force since 1989 and the traditional model of voting at a polling station was still in place, the Polish legislator also provided for postal and proxy voting. Due to the risk related to the COVID-19 pandemic, it would seem that changes to the Polish Electoral Code will be necessary. The adaptation of the new provisions to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997, however, turned out to be too ambitious a task for the domestic legislator. Therefore, the Act of April 6, 2020 on the special rules for holding general elections for the President of the Republic of Poland, ordered in 2020, did not enter into force finally, because the functioning of a democratic state ruled by law requires that fundamental rights and civil liberties, including electoral ones be guaranteed. This study is empirical in nature - it is a case study of a specific legislative action shown in a comparative approach on the example of Poland and the United States of America.
PL
W artykule omówiono jedną z instytucji systemu wyborczego w dobie pandemii COVID-19. Wybory to proces wybierania przez obywateli przedstawicieli na określone stanowiska. Istotne w tym kontekście są sposób i zasady przeprowadzania elekcji, tak by zachowana została jej fundamentalna reguła - powszechność. Chociaż od 1989 r. obowiązywało kilkanaście ordynacji wyborczych, a tradycyjny model oddania głosu w lokalu wyborczym nadal funkcjonował, to polski ustawodawca przewidział także głosowanie korespondencyjne oraz za pośrednictwem pełnomocnika. Z uwagi na ryzyko związane z pandemią COVID-19 wydawać by się mogło, że dalsze zmiany w polskim Kodeksie wyborczym będą niezbędne. Dostosowanie nowych przepisów do Konstytucji RP z 1997 r. okazało się jednak dla krajowego ustawodawcy zbyt ambitnym zadaniem. Niniejsze opracowanie ma charakter empiryczny - to studium przypadku konkretnego działania legislacyjnego pokazanego w ujęciu porównawczym na przykładzie Polski i Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej.
EN
The pedagogy of commonness might be the art of distinguishing between complementary knowledge and its appearances and communicative masks. Ignorance can create some myths of daily life that sanction mistakes, abuses and misunderstandings as the equivalents or even substitutes of knowledge based on true research, dialogue and exchange of thoughts and ideas. The main thesis of this article is: commonness will not cease – that is why the future reception of the Holocaust depends on the critical thinking skills of people who as users of new media should know why the Holocaust is not only a word. The pedagogy of commonness should prepare every user (who is or will be interested in) of the new media to think critically about the diversity of representations of the Holocaust.
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2022
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vol. 16
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issue 2
108-129
EN
The article constitutes a comparative legal study of mediation based on for proceduralregulations, i.e. Act of 6 June 1997: Code of Criminal Procedure, Act of 17 November 1964:Code of Civil Procedure, Act of 14 June 1960: Code of Administrative Procedure, and Actof 30 August 2002: Law on the Proceedings before Administrative Courts carried out withthe use of a dogmatic method. The author analyses the solutions that, in his opinion, makeit possible to propose a thesis on far-reaching convergence of the basic, and at the sametime of normative provenance, principles of mediation. The principles include amicability,voluntariness (optionality), commonness, loyalty to parties, confidentiality and non-opennessof mediation, as well as a mediator’s impartiality. The above-mentioned convergence doesnot mean complete homogeneity of particular solutions or their non-defectiveness, which isexemplified by Article 2591 CPC and Article 83 § 4 CAP. It is also shown that the domesticsolutions are in conformity with the solutions recommended by the Committee of Ministersof the Council of Europe.
PL
Tekst stanowi studium prawnoporównawcze instytucji mediacji występującej na gruncie czterech regulacji procesowych, tj. Ustawy z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. Kodeks postępowania karnego, Ustawy z dnia 17 listopada 1964 r. Kodeks postępowania cywilnego, Ustawy z dnia 14 czerwca 1960 r. Kodeks postępowania administracyjnego, a także Ustawy z dnia 30 sierpnia 2002 r. Prawo o postępowaniu przed sądami administracyjnymi przeprowadzonej na podstawie metody dogmatycznej. Analizie poddano te rozwiązania, które – zdaniem autora – pozwalają postawić tezę o daleko idącej zbieżności podstawowych, a zarazem mających normatywną proweniencję zasad rządzących tymi mediacjami. Do zasad tych zalicza się w tekście polubowność, dobrowolność (fakultatywność), powszechność, lojalność wobec stron, zasadę poufności i niejawności prowadzenia mediacji, a także bezstronności mediatora. Wspomniana zbieżność nie oznacza całkowitej homogeniczności poszczególnych rozwiązań, ani też ich niewadliwości, co wykazuje się m.in. na przykładzie art. 2591 k.p.c. oraz art. 83 § 4 k.p.a. Wskazano na zgodność krajowych rozwiązań z rozwiązaniami rekomendowanymi przez Komitet Ministrów Rady Europy.
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