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The Joke Is on You: Humor, Resistance through Culture, and Paradoxical Forms of Dissent in Communist Romania

100%
Ştefănescu B.
Miscellanea Posttotalitariana Wratislaviensia
|
2016
|
vol. 5: Special Issue, vol. I: THE TROPICS OF RESISTANCE: Languages, genres, rhetoric
17-24
EN
The author of the article focuses on showing that resistance through culture is part of a social and political dynamic that is complicated and paradoxical. He claims that a discursive analysis of power relationships and of the rapport between the private and official idioms in the political context of communist totalitarian societies can evince the daunting complexity of some forms of resistance-through-culture discourse. The author argues that with the appropriate critical instruments, cultural discourse analysis can broach the intricacies and paradoxes of power relationships in oppressive environments and can ground a more accurate and unprejudiced moral evaluation of resistance through culture as a phenomenon typical of totalitarian cultural politics.
2
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Sociology versus Ideology in Communist Romania: Sociology's Re-Emergence and Role

100%
Bosomitu S.
Stan Rzeczy
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2017
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issue 2(13) Sociology Under State Socialism
47-65
EN
The post-war history of Romanian sociology followed a tortuous path, similar to the evolutions within other countries of the Soviet Bloc. Defined as a “bourgeois” and “reactionary” social science, sociology was purged from the academic field for almost two decades. Its subsequent re-institutionalisation in the mid-1960s was a process largely influenced by social evolution in Romania (industrialisation, urbanisation, and the collectivisation of agriculture), but also by the desire to re-connect the Romanian social sciences to the international field of dialogue and debates. My paper discusses not only the institutional articulation and development of sociology in communist Romania, but also how the discipline was re-imagined and re-contextualised by the regime.
3
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Popular Lived Culture in Communist Romania (1945–1989) as Retraced in Life Histories: How People Appropriated or Resisted Products, Practices, Trends, and Elements of Lifestyle

75%
Rodat S.
Prague Papers on the History of International Relations
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2020
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issue 1
59-85
EN
Due to its character of totalitarian regime and through the major changes imposed in the society, the communist regime in Romania between 1945 and 1989 represents a distinct period in the history of the country. A series of inflicted macrosocial processes, such as the strictly centralized economy, collectivization and nationalization, as well as some phenomena such as the control of citizens’ lives, the impossibility of free expression, censorship of the press and culture, the lack of consumer goods, restrictions on utilities, and so on, negatively marked the fate of many Romanians during this period. However, many people remember this period with nostalgia. The present paper deals with the popular culture in Romania during the communist period (1945–1989), as seen, considered, and remembered by people who lived in that era, or at least in a period of it. The research was based on the method of life histories and focussed on the viewings of the subjects regarding the practices, rituals, artefacts, and products of popular culture in the communist time. Both folk culture and mass culture are discussed and analysed, as well as the elements of lifestyle, as described by the subjects. Moreover, the influences on the popular culture in that period are outlined, such as those of some large-scale phenomena like industrialisation and urbanisation, Western trends, Soviet propaganda, or the different impositions of the Romanian authorities, according to the various stages the communist regime has been going through in this period. The gathered data show that, while many memories of people are sorrowful and bitter, other recalls and considerations regarding the cultural practices of that time, and especially the human relations built by the means of these practices, are full of nostalgia. These aspects concerning popular culture in a particular historical period and nostalgia related to it are discussed in detail in the paper.
4
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Family upbringing in communist Romania

63%
DUMANESCU L.
Wychowanie w Rodzinie
|
2014
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vol. IX (1/2014)
49-61
PL
Rumuńscy przywódcy komunistyczni uważali, że po latach ciemnoty i wychowywania dzieci w tradycyjnych zwyczajach „wychowanie w rodzinie wymaga dodatkowego doradztwa”. Według Stearnsa „dzieci trzeba było stworzyć od nowa”, państwo udawało, że wie więcej o potrzebach dzieci niż ich rodzice. W żadnym innym okresie w historii państwo nie zastępowało rodziców w aż takim stopniu, poprzez szkołę, organizacje dziecięce, edukowanie rodziców z użyciem różnych poradników pisanych przez ideologów Partii, które były w pełni zgodne z komunistycznymi ideałami, ale mniej wspólnego miały z rodzicielstwem. Dzieci stały się obiektem wychowania państwowego, ponieważ „na rodzicach nie można było w pełni polegać przy wykonywaniu tego zadania i potrzebowali dodatkowego doradztwa”. Celem badań jest ukazanie masowego wtargnięcia państwa w życie rodzinne, przejmowania przez nie pewnych ról rodziców i dziadków – często poprzez socjalizację bardzo małych dzieci – i kontroli, którą sprawowano siłą, by spełnić wymagania Partii. Dzieci postrzegano raczej jako własność państwa niż rodziców, co przyniosło pół wieku rozdarcia pomiędzy stare zwyczaje, do których rodzice byli przyzwyczajeni, i nowe zasady wprowadzane siłą przez państwo. Kładziemy nacisk na wsparcie dla matek i dzieci i cechy wychowania w czasach komunizmu.
EN
The Romanian communist leaders believed that, after centuries of ignorance and raisingchildren according to customs and habits, “family upbringing is in need of additional guidance”. According to Stearns “children had to be remade1” and the state pretended that it knew more about children’s needs that their own parents! More than in any other historical period the state substituted itself for the parents, through the school, children’s organizations and by indoctrinating the parents, using various guides and advice books written by the ideologists of the party, fully complying with communist ideals but less so with parenthood. The child is the object of state upbringing since “parents were not fully reliable for the task of raising their own children and they needed additional guidance”. The aim of this study is to reveal the massive intrusion of the state into family life, the taking-over of some roles specific to parents and grandparents – often by socialising children at very young ages – and the control that was reinforced in order to accomplish the requirements of the party. More than belonging to their parents, children were rather seen as belonging to the state and this brought half of a century of dualism between the old habits that the parents were used to and the new rules reinforced by the state. We shall stress the connexions between the proclamation of gender equality, mass schooling, family support measures for mothers and children and the characteristics of upbringing in the communist period.
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