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In 1973, Leonard Bernstein gave a series of six lectures at Harvard University, entitled The Unanswered Question: Six talks at Harvard. This interdisciplinary course, drawing on Noam Chomsky's theory of transformational-generative grammar, presented an original conception of music as a universal language based on tonality and outlined the history of its development, concluding with Bernstein’s personal credo regarding its future. The argumentation used, although encompassing fields as diverse as linguistics, literary studies, philosophy and art history, was based primarily on musical analyses presented at the piano, supplemented by recordings of the symphonic works being discussed, performed under the baton of Bernstein himself. The Harvard lectures thus represent the summa of his aesthetic reflections and performance experiences, providing a unique insight into his views on music and its interpretation. This paper focuses on synthesising these views, subjecting them to factual verification, and then showing their influence on Bernstein's art of conducting through the example of the recordings used in The Unanswered Question series, focusing in particular on the issue of expression.
EN
Problems of the conducting of the Gregorian composition depends on rhythmical optics chosen by the conductor. Used since 1908 method of Solesmes involving the bipartite and tripartite meaning of rhythm, with semiological optics executive has become anachronistic. Founder of renewed executive concept – Dom Cardine – returned to reading and understanding of the rhythmic signs contained in the oldest preserved musical-liturgical sources (Sankt Gallen and Laon). There is no collection of conventional gestures, which could use the Gregorian conductor. The initial analytical gesture, characterized by distinguishing the different sounds, in terms of synthetic depends on the degree of knowledge of Gregorian semiology. Gesture requires first of all emphasize the notes and extended by graphic separation from others - articulated.
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