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1

Konformizm i nonkonformizm w społeczeństwie rzeczywiście wielokulturowym – zagadnienia teoretyczne i empiryczne

100%

Gutkowska A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2016

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issue XXXVIII

346-424

EN

The relationship between cultural identity and the models of social behaviour, including criminal behaviour, appears to be obvious enough. On the other hand, however, the cultural determinants of criminal offences committed by foreign nationals in Poland has not been the subject of criminological research, whereas any insights into the cultural principles guiding their conduct when staying in Poland, were gained mainly within the framework of cultural studies. The present paper sets out to address this gap, even if only partially. It would appear that an important indicator of a proper functioning of a multicultural society, which offers a common space for the co-existence of a number of different communities, is the way those communities view the applicable law in place, criminal law in particular. The knowledge of which specific components of the identity of respective groups of immigrants (be that ethnic or religious) happen to be discordant, or even openly contradict the system of social values, as reflected in the legal system in place in Poland, may also be construed as the answer to the question which specific types of behaviours and cultural factors that actually determine them, will have to be faced fairly soon by the statutory bodies dealing with the legal cases in which the suspects, or indicted persons (as well as the victims and eyewitnesses) are foreign nationals representing respective minorities. In practical terms, the most essential seems to be the question how respective individuals shape their behavioural response when faced with the need to live in an everyday reality of conflicting axiological systems? Which standards, in a situation where they cannot be simply reconciled, i.e. the communities from which they originate or the social majority they live in, would they deem valid in axiological terms, and therefore binding for themselves? One of the possible directions of research in this area consists in seeking to identify the factors or circumstances that determine an individual’s choice when faced with just such a conflict of standards. It is therefore essential to determine those factors that make a foreign national comply with the law in place (despite various consequences arising from breaching the standards upheld within a group), as well as those whose coming into play would make a foreigner break the law in order to remain true to the standards within his group (despite the legal sanctions he stands to face for making such a choice). Such considerations are actually meant to seek out the answers about individual conformity and nonconformity when faced with a conflict of values in a multicultural society. The conclusions to be drawn are all the more important that the conflict of values and the underlying standards appears to be an integral part of a multicultural society. The paper consists of two parts. The first, theoretical one, comprises reflections on the concept of multiculturalism at large, offering a presentation of selected criminology theories based on the assumption that a society is made up of various groups representing different axiological systems around which various normative systems are duly constructed, with this heterogeneity lying at the source of any deviations, and also, whilst recognizing that conflict remains very much an integral part of an axiologically multicultural society (actual multiculturalism), conflict is addressed as a phenomenon, in due consideration of the concept proposed by T. Sellin, on two levels, i.e. the external one (i.e. when the standards governing a desirable behaviour of each group, minorities and a social majority, are found conflicting), and the internal one (i.e. an individually experienced dilemma whereupon in a situation of conflict, an individual must decide which standards to abide by). The author proposes that an internal conflict be construed in a slightly modified way, i.e. as a situation where an individual is trying to determine which standard, that applicable within his own group, or the country’s s/he happens to be living in, in view of: a) the fact that both groups and their values are essential to him/her (conflict of beliefs), b) the fact that s/he wants to respect both groups and their values ( conflict between discrepant legal norms), c) fear of the potential consequences of breaking the standards in place in each of these groups (conflict of consequences – the risk of having to face the negative consequences, or suffer the loss of benefits of compliance). The second part is an empirical attempt to characterize the likely behavioural paradigms of foreign nationals representing different cultural principles when faced with a conflict of values and standards applicable in both social settings, i.e. in the society they originate from, and in the Polish society into which they migrated (external conflict). It seemed of particular significance to identify the specific factors that may affect the choice made by an individual in such a conflict situation, i.e. what would make him/her choose to break the norm applicable within his/her own group (group standard), which s/he has so far complied with, or rather break the social norms in place in the country in which s/he currently resides. Here the actual attitude of the individual to the two conflicting standards, i.e. the presence or absence of internal conflict, proved to be of key importance. Given the extent to which the values and norms instilled in people in the process of socialization may impact their behaviours and individual choices, it was assumed that as far as the principle is concerned, people in conflict situations would be true to the values in which they had been brought up, instead of the values they did not identify with, new and culturally alien to them. It is therefore all the more essential to identify the possible factors that actually influence individual choices, so that an individual would rather breach the normative standard applicable within his own group, and abide by the standards upheld by the country s/he came to. An additional benefit of the study consisted in gaining an insight as to which specific situations within a cultural group under study might spark off an external conflict (at the level of normative standards beyond the domain of individual will). In practical terms, a sample image of cultural norms applicable within a group of foreign nationals under study was obtained, of norms that remain in conflict with the social principles in place in Poland (occasionally including legal constraints). All these data are essential as the differences in the shared values, attendant normative standards and commonly accepted models of response to an infringement of a particular norm are a potential source of individual dilemmas in foreign nationals as to which standard they should actually abide by, i.e. the group one or the one applicable within social majority. They may thus provide a certain clue as to what actually look for when dealing with the members of a particular community, with a view to increasing the likelihood of an effective dialogue, achieving the intended results in mutual relations, and in the long term, persuading them to comply with the normative standards in place in Polish society. The research was conducted in three selected communities, i.e. Caucasian, Vietnamese and Nigerian ones, even though the present paper is based predominantly on the research results pertaining to groups about which the research surveys yielded the most information, i.e. foreign nationals originating from the Caucasus, with particular consideration of the Chechen nationality. The Chechen examples were occasionally supplemented with the statements made by Armenian and Georgian respondents.

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Współczesny uniwersytet w potocznych doświadczeniach studentów

99%

Pauluk D.

Teraźniejszość – Człowiek – Edukacja

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2016

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vol. 19

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issue 3(75)

183-196

EN

The modern university is undergoing serious changes. The university educational community and atmosphere of studies is changing due to global influences. Those factors have a significant impact on students who experience their intended and unintended consequences. This paper shows, how students embedded in everyday academic life, recognize consequences of studying in the modern university and factors generating them. The results of the analysis of their free statements relate to the three selected aspects: the functioning of the modern university as a social institution, the students’ relationship with academic teachers and peers.

PL

Współczesny uniwersytet przechodzi głębokie zmiany. Pod wpływem globalnych tendencji zmienia się uniwersyteckie środowisko edukacyjne oraz atmosfera studiowania. Czynniki te wywierają znaczący wpływ na studentów, którzy doświadczają zamierzonych i niezamierzonych ich skutków. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, jak studenci, którzy są zanurzeni w codzienność akademickiego życia, rozpoznają konsekwencje związane z pobytem na współczesnym uniwersytecie oraz czynniki je generujące. Przedstawione wyniki z analizy ich swobodnych wypowiedzi odnoszą się do trzech wybranych aspektów, tj.: funkcjonowania współczesnego uniwersytetu jako instytucji społecznej, relacji studentów z nauczycielami akademickim i rówieśnikami.

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Normkonform, non-konform, ganz normal abweichend

99%

Nowak E.

Ethics in Progress

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2010

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vol. 1

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issue 1

58-59

EN

Gesine Drews-Sylla, cheap Elisabeth Dütschke, pilule Halyna Leontiy, sales Elena Polledri (Hrsg.), Konstruierte Normalitäten ? normale Abweichungen. VS Research Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / Springer, Wiesbaden 2010, S. 328.

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ФЕНОМЕН КОНФОРМІЗМУ В КОНТЕКСТІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ

99%

Оксана С.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2017

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issue 4(68)

259-271

EN

In the article the basic administration theories’ views on taking into account of the human factor are revealed. The essence of the phenomenon of conformity in the context of administrative efficiency is analyzed. The features of the manifestation of conformity in social groups are found out. An attempt to determine positive and negative values of conformity in the management team is made. The main aim of the team management is to improve work efficiency, and the most important factor is people. The head leads the basic resource of organization – staff and its potential strength. But the quality of administration and staff mutual understanding is influenced by the row of socio-psychological phenomena. The specificity of this influence, in author’s opinion, is one of the challenging and underexplored issues in the management psychology. One of such important factors is the phenomenon of conformism. Conformism is a conscious or unconscious subordination of the individual to the group influence in which it is included; passive adaptive perception of ready standards in behavior, unconditional admiration of authorities. The degree of conformity depends on several factors: 1 – personal characteristics of the person (age, gender, occupation, personal feelings of competence, self-esteem, physical and mental health; 2 – level of complexity of the problem; 3 – group size, degree of agreement of the majority; 4 – relationship between the person and the group (the higher the degree of commitment to the group, the more evident is conformity); 5 – publicity: in case of open thought expression person demonstrates high level of conformity); 6 – lack of information for decision making; 7 – attitudes of individuals: innovative or authoritarian; 8 – culture mentality. Positive impact of conformity on management is manifested in the increase of the personnel cohesion in crisis situations, simplification of the organization of joint activities, reducing of the adaptation time in the collective, getting rid of thinking how to behave in ordinary situations. As a result of manifestation of conformism the group of supporters is formed, all members share values and norms.Excessive conformism is a psychologically detrimental phenomenon. The person follows the group template without having his own views. Negative traits of conformism are: loss of ability to make decisions and navigate in unfamiliar conditions; creation of conditions and prerequisites for the development of totalitarian sects and countries, implementation of the massacres and genocide; development of various prejudices and biases against minorities; reducing the ability of the individual to make a significant contribution to the culture or science, as well as conformity eradicates original and creative thought. It is concluded that socio-psychological phenomenon of conformism is ambiguous concerning the impact on the management efficiency: on the one hand it helps the leader to influence the collective, unite staff; on the other hand, it hinders openness of staff to new professional solutions, to creative initiatives. Therefore, the manager must consider all aspects of the phenomenon of conformism and adjust its level in collective by means of professional management methods.

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Conformism and Education. How Should Schools Educate?

99%

Karikó S.

The New Educational Review

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2005

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vol. 7

23-33

EN

More and more books, studies and articles have been warning us recently that we are experiencing a period of history in which conformism is increasing in prevalence; as if conformism was becoming the underlying principle of social and institutional existence and adaptation. Similarly, this phenomenon is present in the field of education, what is more, the easily conformable student has become a general ideal. Education seems to prefer mass production of students who are compliant and obedient. We are no longer surprised when we encounter phrases such as the NAT (NAT: Nemzeti Alaptanterv: National Curriculum) -compatible curriculum, EU-compatible education and management, or a Euro-compatible value system. It is clear that teaching and education are constantly facing the problem of conformism. Considering this, it is sad and incomprehensible that educational psychology is so insensitive to this topic and that different educational superstitions have such a strong hold in the fields of educational politics, research and pedagogical practice. For the sake of differentiated education it is time we considered the original meaning of conformism and the dilemma of conformism/non-conformism. The American liberal thinker, William Penn, pointed out three hundred years ago that citizens give up their freedom and culture. Ernst Fischer summarised that in the statement: conformism is the submersion of Self in Everyman. From this original and classical definition we can conclude that conformism, no matter how fashionable and powerful it may be, is a pejorative and extreme phenomenon. In and through conformism an individual gives up his/her autonomy and always adjusts his/her opinion and behaviour to something else. We also have to understand that non-conformism is not a positive alternative to conformism. Conformism means adapting without conviction, and likewise, non-conformism is not-adapting without conviction. Both are harmful and extreme forms of behaviour, neither can exceed the other. So education has to fight against both the compliant, obedient, i.e. conforming student and the rebellious youth, who always says no for the sake of saying no. Our goal is to help, with much more efficiency than before, the development of the process whereby the youth will acceptingly reject and at the same time rejectingly accept the influences of the world.

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Vladimir Nabokov o antywartościach – popkultura, reklama, konformizm

83%

Grygiel M.

Language. Culture. Politics. International Journal

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2020

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vol. 1

159-168

PL

Vladimir Nabokov należy do najbardziej popularnych prozaików XX wieku, jego twórczość reprezentuje wyszukana kompozycja, gra tekstualna z czytelnikiem, bogata stylistyka, a także dwujęzyczność – utwory pisane po rosyjsku i angielsku. Artykuł odpowiada na pytanie, czy mimo skomplikowanej treści i formy twórczość Nabokova osiągnęła popularność dzięki typowym dla popkultury chwytom, wątkom i zabiegom, czy może zdecydował o tym talent pisarza? Nabokov niewątpliwie miał krytyczny stosunek do popkultury, która niszczy indywidualizm i oryginalność, jednocześnie prowadził z nią literacki dialog, wykorzystując popularne tematy i motywy do własnej, niepowtarzalnej nabokovowskiej perspektywy. Pisarz dostrzegał ewidentne zagrożenia płynące z popkultury, krytykował rynek reklamowy, atakował stereotypizację współczesnych poglądów i wszechobecny konformizm, jednocześnie doceniał problemy powszechnie odrzucane (seksualność) czy atrakcyjne, ale banalizowane (wątki detektywistyczne, przygodowe, awanturnicze). Nabokov umiejętnie korzystał z kultury masowej, poprzez swoje dzieła kształtował wrażliwość odbiorcy, intuicyjnie ufał jego inteligencji.

EN

Vladimir Nabokov belongs to the most popular prose writers of the 20th century. His work is represented by a sophisticated composition, playing with the reader, rich stylistics, as well as bilingualism - works written in Russian and English. The article answers the question whether, despite the complicated content and form, Nabokov's work has achieved popularity thanks to the typical pop culture tricks, threads and tricks, or whether this was decided by the writer's talent. Nabokov undoubtedly had a critical attitude towards pop culture, which destroys individualism and originality, while at the same time was conducting a literary dialogue with it, using popular themes and motifs for its own unique perspective. The writer noticed the obvious threats arising from pop culture, criticized the advertising market, attacked the stereotyping of contemporary views and ubiquitous conformism, and at the same time he appreciated problems that were commonly rejected (sexuality) or attractive but trivialized (detective and adventure threads). Nabokov skillfully used mass culture, through his works he shaped the sensitivity of the recipient and intuitively trusted his intelligence.

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The vocation of the university and the anti-reason of bureaucracy. On the negative aspects of the internationalization of higher education in Poland

67%

Nowak P.

Perspectives of Innovations, Economics and Business

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2013

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vol. 13

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issue 3

39-42

EN

The fear of tutors and teachers, conformism of students, at last - indifference and apathy of their parents - these are side effects of contemporary changes in education. In his essay Piotr Nowak searches for the sources of these negative phenomena. One of them is enormous hypertrophy of bureaucracy at universities and a new language it addresses to the people of knowledge; another - mass culture, egalitarianism, and industrialization of the University.

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Dewiacja i Anomia w Ujęciu Systemowym / Deviation and Anomy Viewed Through Systems Theory

67%

Celmer B.

Kultura i Społeczeństwo

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2013

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vol. 57

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issue 2

133-154

EN

Pojęcia dewiacji i anomii rozpatrywane w ujęciu systemowym mogą ułatwić szersze spojrzenie na bardzo wiele zachodzących we współczesnym świecie zróżnicowanych zjawisk, które można określić jako dewiacyjne bądź bliskie dewiacji, a także dostrzeżenie czynnikow je wyzwalających. Każdy system społeczny wymaga zachowania minimalnego porządku - wyznaczenia liczby dopuszczalnych zachowań, normalności zbudowanej nie na wskazaniu porządku, lecz na ograniczeniu nieporządku, czyli wyznaczeniu ilości i rodzaju dostępnych informacji, a więc ustanowieniu zakresu „normalności”. Współcześnie za sprawą dyferencjacji system społeczny przyzwala na coraz większy zakres nieporządku (Luhmann 2007b, s. 111-113). Poza procesem dyferencjacji w systemie społecznym o charakterze funkcjonalnym obserwuje się procesy odpływu latencji, refleksyjności, a przede wszystkim stałą anomię społeczną. Współczesna powszechność dewiacji, zwłaszcza takich, które można określić jako „słabe”, bądź też z pogranicza dewiacji, a także niejasność tego, co dewiacyjne, związana jest z szybkim tempem przemian z jednej strony, płynnością i skomplikowaniem struktury, a z drugiej z trwałością percepcji i semantyk, zachowywaną za sprawą socjalizacji i ciągłości kultury.

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