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Prawo
|
2015
|
issue 319
85 - 98
EN
In the political and legal history of Silesia, 1327 is regarded as a breakthrough year owing to the establishment of fealty ties between the King of Bohemia and a group of local Piast dukes. This began a process in which all Silesian dukes eventually became vassals, while some duchies and their parts were taken over by the Bohemian king, who became their direct ruler. This testified to a gradual break of political and legal ties between the Silesian duchies and Poland and its king, with the ties between the Silesian dukes and the Bohemian king and Kingdom of Bohemia becoming increasingly strong. As a result, Silesia became one of the countries that made up the Crown of St. Wenceslaus. So far the literature on the subject has focused on individual acts of fealty of the dukes and the king, but has not mentioned that they took place during congresses held for the purpose. Congresses of Silesian dukes had a long tradition going back to the second half of the 12th century. Three such congresses were held in 1327: in Opava (18–19 February), featuring at least four Upper Silesian dukes, Duke of Opava, King of Bohemia and a group of Bohemian lords; in Bytom (24 February), probably featuring the same participants; and in Wrocław (5–11 April) with participants including the Duke of Wrocław and the Duke of Opole, the estates of the Duchy of Wrocław, i.e. the local nobility and towns, the clergy with the papal nuncio in partibus Polonie and some superiors of Wrocław monasteries, as well as a delegation of the Wrocław Jews. The structure of the 1327 Wrocław congress has all the fundamental marks of a Silesia-wide assembly of estates, later referred to as Fürstentag (ducal assembly). This places in a new light the origins and chronology of Polish parliamentarism.
Prawo
|
2016
|
issue 321
115-138
EN
The study examines documents which originated in connection with avisit by the King of Bohemia and Poland, John of Luxembourg, to Wrocław in April and May 1329. So far scholars have pointed primarily to the reduction to vassalage of successive Silesian dukes from the Wroclaw line (Bolesław III of Legnica and Brzeg) and Głogów line (Henry of Żagań, Conrad of Oleśnica and John of Ścinawa). They have stressed the pressure exerted by the Bohemian king, which the various dukes were unable to withstand. The author has attempted to take acloser look at the contents of the extant documents, particularly vassalage documents. They show that the King of Bohemia convened a congress of dukes to Wrocław, during which matters of vassalage were negotiated not only for individuals but also for the various lines. The negotiations featured atwo-person ducal deputation acting as acourt of arbitration. The documents list the dukes’ rights and freedoms with regard to the territories they governed and people settled there as well as the rights of the Bohemian king as the feudal lord. They also regulated the question of mutual relations between the dukes in property and other matters. Consequently, they should be viewed as the first written legislative acts fundamental and constitutional in nature, both in the various duchies and in their association referred to as the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia.
DE
Zum Gegenstand der Bearbeitung wurden Dokumente, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Aufenthalt des Königs von Böhmen und Polen, des Johann von Luxemburg im April und Mai 1329 in Breslau entstanden sind. In der bisherigen Literatur wird vor allem auf die Vasalisierung weiterer schlesischer Herzöge der Breslauer (Boleslaus 3. von Liegnitz und Brieg) und Glogauer (Heinrich v. Sagan, Konrad v. Oels und Jan v. Scinawa) Linie hingewiesen. Hervorgehoben wurde dabei der durch den böhmischen König ausgeübte Druck, dem die einzelnen Herzöge sich nicht widersetzen konnten. Der Verfasser sah in die erhaltenen Dokumente ein und schenkte seine besondere Aufmerksamkeit den Lehensdokumenten. Aus diesen ergibt sich, dass der böhmische König die Zusammenkunft der Herzöge in Breslau einberufen hat, wo man die Angelegenheiten der Lehensverhältnisse nicht nur individuell, sondern auch gruppenweise verhandelte, im Rahmen einzelner Linien unter Beteiligung einer Zweipersonendeputation des Herzogs, die die Funktion eines Schiedsgerichtes erfüllte. In den Lehensdokumenten wurden die bisherigen Rechte und Freiheiten der Herzöge in Bezug auf die ihnen unterliegenden Gebiete und die dort ansässige Bevölkerung sowie die Rechte des böhmischen Königs als den Senior genannt. Sie regelten auch die gegenseitigen vermögensrechtlichen und sonstigen Verhältnisse zwischen den Herzögen. Folglich sind diese Dokumente als erste Rechtsakten eines fundamentalen und verfassungsrechtlichen Charakters anzusehen und das sowohl in den einzelnen Herzogtümern, als auch in ihrer Verbindung, für die der Name Herzogtum Ober- und Niederschlesien gängig ist.
Prawo
|
2018
|
issue 325
73-90
EN
In the study the author presents the results of his search for traces of collective political activity of Silesian dukes and estates in 1332–1335, which have been largely omitted from the existing literature on the subject. The author has managed to confirm or at least demonstrate the likelihood that congresses did take place every year in the period in question, with the exception of 1335. There were three types of congresses: of dukes, landed gentry from a given district (weichbild) and towns from a given principality. Worthy of note is the fact that the congresses were held mainly in Silesia proper, that is in Lower Silesia, as the region would later come to be called.
DE
Diese Bearbeitung präsentiert die Resultate der Suche nach Spuren gemeinschaftlicher politischer Aktivität der Fürsten und Stände Schlesiens in den Jahren 1332–1335, die in der bisherigen Fachliteratur am häufigsten übersehen werden. Es gelang festzustellen oder wenigstens ihre Abhaltung in jedem dieser Jahre, mit Ausnahme des Jahres 1335, wahrscheinlich zu machen. Es gab drei Arten der Zusammenkünfte: der Fürsten, der Gutsbesitzer eines bestimmten Distriktes (Weichbildes) sowie der Städte eines konkreten Fürstentums. Die Aufmerksamkeit weckt ihre Abhaltung hauptsächlich im eigentlichen Schlesien, also nach der späteren Nomenklatur in Niederschlesien.
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