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EN
This article represents an attempt to expound the meaning of 33rd canon of the Council of Elvira (circa 306 A.D.), based on historical and grammatical criteria, in reference to doubts related to the linguistic understanding of the text. The author argues that the traditional interpretation of the canon as a prescription prohibiting those who have received major orders (i.e. deacons, presbyters and bishops) ha­ving marital relationship is justified (as opposed to authors who agree with the opinion presented by Maurice Meigne). This, in turn, recognises the authenticity of the text as an integral part of the entire collection of the canons of the Council of Elvira. This paper, while presenting a version of the translation of the canon, proposes also some modifications on punctuation marks, which allows the extrac­tion of the full meaning of the text.
EN
The issue of celibacy obligations for clerics according to the Code of Canon Law of 1983 was taken up in the article. This problem contains the following items: 1) theological and legal basis for the celibacy obligation; 2) celibacy obligation in the Code of Canon Law of 1983; 3) celibacy in selected documents issued after the Code of Canon Law of 1983; 4) conclusion. Legislator in can. 277, binding the clerics to celibacy, indicates the source of this obligation, what is the candidate’s own will to the orders. According to the can. 277, celibacy means chastity sensu stricto (in a perfect way). Canon Law regulation concerning celibacy law has a long Church tradition. When cleric does not obey this obligation, penal sanctions are applied. Celibacy which is voluntarily accepted and experienced in a proper way is a spiritual reality sign, contributes to the salvation of souls which is the supreme law in the Church.
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2019
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vol. 66
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issue 3: Teologia moralna
33-50
PL
Święty Augustyn z Hippony broni w swoich dziełach De continentia, De bono conjugale i De Santa virginitate „castitas” ośmieszaną przez pogan. Nie stara się on jednak określić jasnej granicy między „castitas”, „pudicitiam” i „continentia”. „Castitas” jest dla niego cnotą pozwalającą oprzeć się przede wszystkim złej pożądliwości. Następnie, będąc ściśle związaną z cnotą umiarkowania, „castitas” wyznacza jakość relacji do Boga dla dziewic oraz relacji między mężem i żoną (pomaga zachować wierność małżeńską). Święty Augustyn nie stawia w swych dziełach na pierwszym miejscu kwestii etycznych, ale bada człowieka jako stworzenie obdarzone popędem seksualnym, które ma odnaleźć wewnętrzną jedność „zagubioną” przez grzech pierworodny. Czystość jest tym uprzywilejowanym elementem, który uczestniczy w odbudowaniu tej jedności: między duchem i ciałem oraz między stworzeniem i Stwórcą. „Castitas” jest więc cnotą „animus” (człowieka wewnętrznego), który zachowuje umiar w relacjach seksualnych oraz potrafi oprzeć się nieuporządkowanym popędom seksualnym. Augustyn nie sprowadza „castitas” tylko do wysiłku woli ludzkiej, jak chciałby Pelagiusz. Przyznaje on, iż najcięższą z walk człowieka jest walka o życie w czystości, gdyż wymaga ona codziennego zmagania, a zwycięstwo bywa naprawdę rzadkie, wszystko przy pomocy Bożej. Są dwie pożądliwości: dobra i zła. Ta ostatnia często wymyka się spod kontroli, dlatego człowiek musi nieustannie walczyć. Dobra pożądliwość potrzebna jest natomiast do przetrwania rodzaju ludzkiego. Jest ona dobra wyłącznie wtedy, gdy jest „wykorzystywana” w związku małżeńskim. Człowiek, który idzie za złą pożądliwością, traci „castitas”, tym samym odwraca się od Boga.
EN
In his works De continentia, De bono conjugale and De «Santa virginitate» Saint Augustine of Hippo defends “castitas” ridiculed by pagans. He does not try to define a clear border between “castitas”, “pudicitiam” and “continentia”, though. He understands “castitas” as a virtue allowing to resist bad lust. Furthermore, being closely related to the virtue of moderation, “castitas” determines the quality of relationship between husband and wife also helps to maintain marital fidelity. St. Augustine does not treat ethical issues as superior ones in his works. He examines a man as a creature endowed with a sex drive that is to find inner unity “lost” through the original sin. Purity is the very privileged element that participates in the reconstruction of this unity: between spirit and body and between creation and the Creator. “Castitas” is then the virtue of “animus” (internal man) who maintains moderation in sexual relationships and is able to resist unsettled sex drives. Augustine does not bring down “castitas” only to the effort of human will, as Pelagius would. He admits that the hardest fight of a man is securing a clean life, as it requires a daily fight, and victory is really rare, all with the power of God. There are two desires: the good and the bad one. The latter is often out of control. Thus people must constantly fight. Good lust is needed for the survival of a mankind. It is worthy only when “used” in a marriage. The man who follows evil lust loses the “castitas” and therefore turns away from God.
EN
The article is divided into two paragraphs. The first paragraph presents St. Augustine’s opinion on the husband as a person. His remarks on the appearance as well as the personal values of a man and husband are discussed.The second paragraph deals with the issue of personality formation, including such points as the care to form moral goodness, especially the virtues of chastity and continence. This paragraph also considers St. Augustine’s view on concupiscence. The bishop of Hippo not only assesses concupiscence but also gives encouragement to overcome it and at the same time suggests methods that enable its control.Keywords
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