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EN
The terms 'spontaneity' and 'convention' obtain different meanings in Honzl's texts devoted to issues of acting. The dynamic in the interpretation of these terms is influenced by Honzl's artistic development and also by political changes in the period of 1920s–1940s. The paper is based on the research of Honzl's personal archive that includes variations of texts, proof-read versions and notes. These enable us to gain an insight into Honzl's strategy of writing the programme and theoretical studies.
EN
This article is an attempt to answer the question of how folk art existence in contemporary society. The first part presents the broad context European tradition of the study of art. Conceptual frame of thinking about art has been developed primarily by philosophers and art historians. In the nineteenth century art begins to function in a new context, as a result of the transformation of civilization, social and economic. For this change is highly influenced by surrealist ideological program. It is his case was undermined dichotomy: high art and low art. In the second part the author presents the mutual influences of surrealism and ethnology, which resulted in interest in primitive art, and her new research perspective. The third part of the article is the diagnosis: difficult to define term „folk art” has become a convention. It is a symptome of changing meaning and decay of traditional folk culture.
EN
Małgorzata Strękowska-Zaremba is the author which writes a children’s novels. In her cycle of Teoś Kefirek she was inspired by classic pattern of detective novel, but she was able to modify it. She tries to work out her own style, creates colorful characters and fixes them in the 21st century realities and on the other hand she is capable of using conventional elements of genre and renews them with her own suggestions. She also intertwined the moments of great suspense with situations full of humour on account of young readers.
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Realne podstawy komunikacji

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EN
How is (language) communication possible? What is its real underlying support? What does it mean that subjects communicate with one another? On what paradigm is such communication based: relativised or real? These questions constitute the starting point for propositions I intend to advance in this article. In short, these propositions concern both rationalist (logical) qualities of the cognising subject and rationalist (logical) qualities of the object of their (scientific) experience.
EN
The aim of this paper is to put forward a new way of conceiving of the conventionality of illocutionary acts, grounded in a new look at Austin's original ideas. While the indispensability of uptake has correctly been deemed to be a hallmark of illocution, it has also been taken as evidence of the intention-based nature of illocutionary acts as opposed to their alleged conventionality. After discussing the readings of the "securing of uptake" offered by Strawson and Searle and commenting on the consequently established divide between "communicative" and conventional speech acts, I claim that illocutionary acts are conventional, first of all, because they have conventional effects. I show that Austin took such effects to be essential to illocution and argue that the bringing about of conventional effects is bound up with the indispensability of uptake.
EN
This paper presents issues relating to the protection of species of wild fauna. The author discusser the acts of international law as well as the provision of Polish regulations concerning transport of animals under the protection. Mainly refers to Washington Convention, regulations of European Union and the Polish act of Nature Conservation. Author emphasize the need to share of the knowledge discussed in the article.
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Donetsk people’s republic as de facto state

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EN
The political crisis in Ukraine, which grew into an armed conflict in the Donbass in 2014, was one of the reasons for the emergence of secessionist entities in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions .This study deals with the de facto state concept. The authors apply this phenomenon to the case study of the Donetsk People’s Republic. This paper relies largely on a theoretical framework of state failure concepts by authors Scott Pegg, David Lynch, Pål Kolstø and others. In addition, we also use the Montevideo convention qualifications. The authors have used data sourced from respondents living in the territory of the Donbass to answer their research questions.
EN
Metaphor, as is known, has been considered an expression of the creative approach of a subject to language and thinking. Metaphor enables the subject of cognition and action to establish meaning – the subject exercises semiosis not only by referring to the former convention and the situational context, but also by transforming it due to the distinct act of turning the metaphor into an instrument of expression. The innovative character of metaphor allows one to consider it in the context of performative theory, whereas its receptive, evocative character requires interpretation from the recipient. In both cases, metaphor in acts of communication, opens their participants towards specific expressions – performative expression in the case of individual semantic innovation, and receptive expression in the case of the interpretation of former metaphors. The specific example of silence, considered as a kind of metaphor within the frameworks of the performative theory, is the subject-matter of the paper. The basic question of the paper, referring to John L. Austin’s speech act theory and to his followers, is related to the source of the aforementioned metaphorization – to what degree is it an intention of language users, and to what degree is it a language convention which allows one to combine words and establish new associations metaphorically? In his pragmatic concept of meaning, Austin stresses the role of the context of an utterance – the situational context may also enable the establishment of metaphor as a figure of speech that dynamizes and moves our thinking.
EN
The study is concerned with the construal of a linguo-cultural image of a bookworm in the Internet discourse on books and reading: this is the Polish mól książkowy, the Czech knihoRol, and the Slovak knihomol’. The respective stereotypes are shaped through linguistic signs and structures, interpreted against the practices used in blogs and memes. In the messages projected by Internet bookstores the mental images are entrenched and modified in such a way as to respond to marketing needs, without the readers realizing they are being influenced. In interaction, an important role is played by interpretations of the behaviour of a typical bookworm, as well as the process of accommodating the behaviours of individuals to a specific set of “bookworm mental features”. One’s own features and preferences are compared with those of: the bookworm as a collector and a book owner, the bookworm as a compulsive buyer, the bookworm as a planner, and the bookworm as a loner. The users of Polish, Czech, and Slovak online bookstores identify themselves with these types, frequently without realizing how much they are influenced in their perception of the world by the bookstores’ marketing strategies, which attribute specific features to their customers. These features are to propagate, through immitation, to wider readership.
EN
The relationship between Carnap’s Logical Syntax of Language (hereafter LSL) ([1934] 1937) and Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (TLP) ([1921] 1922) has been interpreted in several ways during past decades. One of the interpretations has gained keen advocates among Carnap scholars. It was originally provoked by what Caranp said in LSL, and it consists of two parts. First, it indicates that in TLP the possibility of speaking about the logical form of a language within the same language (which happens to be the only language that there is) had been foresworn by Wittgenstein, but Carnap proved him wrong by producing a book (LSL) written exactly in the manner which had been proscribed by Wittgenstein. This is the debate about the possibility of speaking about logical form. Second, Wittgenstein’s dogmatism with regard to the existence of a unique correct grammar at the foundation of the language has been contrasted with Carnap’s open-mindedness in conceiving a boundless ocean of possibilities for constructing logical systems. Interestingly enough, Wittgenstein rambled with rage in reaction to Carnap’s view about the LSL-TLP relationship. But unlike Carnap’s view, which led to a dominant interpretation of the relationship, Wittgenstein’s testimony about the case has been strangely ignored in the history of analytic philosophy. In this paper, I try to make an inquiry about the grounds for Wittgenstein’s dissatisfaction with the Carnapian reading of the LSL-TLP relationship. I will show that Wittgenstein was not totally unfair in his judgment, and that some salient aspects of LSL (recognized as the anti-Tractarian aspects of the work) could be best understood in the light, or rather the gloom, of TLP, and bear a significant resemblance to it. This, however, does not need to diminish the logical and historical significance of LSL.
EN
Gender equality is a cornerstone in the process of Albania’s integration into the European Union. Although gender equality terminology was once considered impossible, progressive steps have now been taken to increase female involvement at the top of public office, decision-making, and local government. The continuous political changes of our country have created a huge legal gap over the role of women in society. Political and economic reforms after the 1990s aimed to create an equitable system of benefits between women and men, concerning their freedoms and personal rights. It is very important to emphasize that gender equality policies have an impact on improving the welfare of society by creating a parity that aims to flourish in a modern state. Reforming the legal framework on gender equality policies in Albania is a challenge, but its implementation is a considerable legal treasure trove for human rights. The same treatment of both genders will lead to the national restructuring of the monetary and human resources which will be governed by the treaties ratified by our state in creating a very good legal guide to the implementation of European standards.
EN
The adoption of a binding international treaty on the rights of the child is presented by practitioners and researchers as a “revolution”, marking the transition from the legal status of the child as a subject of the right, to a full actor of rights protection. For the fundamental rights of the child not to remain merely theoretical, but to become concrete and meaningful, it is important to provide them with effective judicial protection. This issue is more than ever topical, with the adoption by the United Nations General Assembly of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child establishing a procedure for the submission of communications, which entered into force on 14 April 2014. This new Optional Protocol gives children the right to appeal to the Committee on the Rights of the Child when the rights protected by the Convention and its firsttwo protocols are violated. The purpose of this brief study is to analyze the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (African Charter), adopted in 1990, which is the firstregional legal text for children specificallyand as such unique, since no other region in the world has so far developed such a protection mechanism.
EN
The author acknowledges the necessity for a comprehensive regulation of the implementation of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in Polish law. However, he remains critical towards the bill in question. He considers the solutions concerning the concept of implementing judgments to be defective. The author also indicates errors related to the proposed manner of implementing judgments, in particular to the problem of issue of individual and general measures, the so-called just satisfaction, as well as to determining the scope of executive duties of the state.
EN
The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 59 (2011), issue 1. Modern theoretical-literary treatises, defined as normative poetics, are usually connected with the dominance of the convention and normativism, with obligatory rules, canonical concepts and restrictive directives hampering originality. The present text tries to revise the conviction that convention is a dominant tendency in the development of the old theoretical thought; it tends to show the avant-garde aspects of modern poetics and to present the relations between what is conventional and what is innovative in the most original theoretical texts of late Renaissance and Baroque. Examples of two avant-garde modern poetics—Francesco Patrizi’s theory of wonder formed at the end of the 16th century and the 17th century Emanuele Tesauro’s conceptistic theory—show that tradition and convention are necessary elements of inventive theories. The avant-garde of poetics of the past, contrary to the avant-garde of the 20th century, is not born from the defiance of the earlier theories but is formed by way of modernizing and transforming them. Old inventive theories—despite all the departures from tradition—are still part of the classical paradigm. Hence, the avant-garde character of late-Renaissance and Baroque theoretical reflection consists in a peculiar synergy of convention and novelty.
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Norma prawna: wyrażenie czy wypowiedź?

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EN
Opting for the linguistic concept which dominates Polish legal theory does not eliminate all doubts about comprehension of legal norms. The aim of the article is to determine whether such norms should be perceived as expressions or statements. It would seem that, except for improving conceptual apparatus, this problem is of no considerable significance. Nevertheless, finding a solution to it would allow us to address many other important issues. The recognition of the legal norm as a statement would make it possible to: coherently arrange the links existing between a lawmaking action and its substrata at different levels, specify in detail relations between a legal provision and a legal norm, define what functions are played by validating rules and rules of exegesis in legal system construction, resolve a dispute on whether systemic nature is an immanent or transcendent characteristic of law, and also address the issue of equivalence of legal norm.
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EN
Each of us has been observing to some extent in the media the protest of people with disabilities which took place in the parliament. This protest is the consequence of the greatest problem faced by the physically disabled and mentally handicapped people, which is the lack of their representation in the civil service and local authorities. For many years attempts have been made to create the national representation of these people. Why is it so difficult to do it? Unfortunately, the reason is that each person has his or her individual needs and would like to have them met. Moreover, it is the person with disabilities who would have the right to choose who is to represent him or her, it must not be imposed on who ought to be. For a long time creating the uniform, international legal act containing universal collection of rights for the disabled has not been made. Eventually, the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities appears to be as such. Organizations representing people with disabilities ought to be established and managed by these people. They should also be working in institutions operating in their favour. It seems obvious, however, the Supervisory Board of the State Fund for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled as well as in the National Consulting Board for People with Disabilities which is the consulting - advisory body of the Government Plenipotentiary for the Disabled in great majority employ able-bodied people. The Government Plenipotentiary for the Disabled is also an able-bodied person, though, as the name prompts, he/she is the plenipotentiary of the government, not of the disabled. That is why, this person minds the business of the Government. This year the Congress of People with Disabilities took place. It was for the fourth time. It followed the Regional Conventions. During the meeting, the participants were discussing the issue of implementing the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities which was signed and ratified by Poland on the 6th September 2012. There were 500 participants in the Congress, among which people with disabilities were in majority. The key concept was to enable and facilitate an independent life for the disabled. Such issues as a new system of judicature, institutional violence or housing were brought up for discussion. The leitmotif of the Congress was the rallying call of "critical stagnation" of implementing the Convention in Poland.
PL
Każdy z nas pewnie mniej lub bardziej śledził w mediach protest osób z niepełnosprawnościami w Sejmie. Ten protest to efekt największego problemu osób z niepełnosprawnościami, jakim jest brak ich reprezentacji przed organami władzy publicznej i samorządami. Od wielu lat podejmowane są próby stworzenia krajowej reprezentacji osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Dlaczego nie udaje się jej stworzyć? Bo niestety każda osoba ma bardzo indywidualne potrzeby i każdy chciałby, żeby jej potrzeby zostały spełnione, ale przede wszystkim to osoba z niepełnosprawnością powinna mieć prawo wyboru, kto ma ją reprezentować i nie wolno jej narzucać, kto to ma być. Przez wiele lat nie udawało się stworzyć jednolitego, międzynarodowego aktu prawnego zawierającego uniwersalny zbiór praw osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Takim aktem jest Konwencja ONZ o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych. Organizacje reprezentujące osoby z niepełnosprawnościami powinny być tworzone i zarządzane przez te osoby, natomiast w instytucjach działających na ich rzecz powinny także one pracować. Wydaje się to oczywiste, ale w radzie nadzorczej Państwowego Funduszu Rehabilitacji Osób Niepełnosprawnych oraz Krajowej Radzie Konsultacyjnej do Spraw Osób Niepełnosprawnych, która jest organem opiniodawczo - doradczym Pełnomocnika Rządu do Spraw Osób Niepełnosprawnych, w większości zasiadają osoby pełnosprawne. Pełnomocnik Rządu ds. Osób Niepełnosprawnych jest także osobą pełnosprawną, ale jak sama nazwa wskazuje jest on pełnomocnikiem Rządu a nie osób z niepełnosprawnościami, dlatego pilnuje on przede wszystkim interesów Rządu. W tym roku po raz czwarty odbył się Kongres Osób z niepełnosprawnościami poprzedzony Konwentami Regionalnymi. Podczas spotkania uczestnicy dyskutowali na temat wdrażania Konwencji ONZ o Prawach Osób Niepełnosprawnych ratyfikowanej przez Polskę 6 września 2012 r. W Kongresie udział wzięło 500 osób, przede wszystkim z niepełnosprawnościami. Kluczowym tematem było umożliwienie niezależnego życia osobom z niepełnosprawnościami. Dyskutowano na takie tematy jak wdrażanie nowego systemu orzecznictwa, przemoc instytucjonalna, mieszkalnictwo. Motywem przewodnim Kongresu było hasło „krytyczna stagnacja” we wdrażaniu Konwencji w Polsce.
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