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EN
Although relatively easy to overcome for young and healthy individuals, seasonal influenza is a disease with considerable health, social, and economic consequences for society, especially for higher-risk groups. Even though vaccination against influenza is the most effective tool to prevent it, vaccination rates remain rather low. Together with the promotion of neoliberal individual responsibility over one’s health, vaccine hesitancy – a complex phenomenon indicating the lower uptake of vaccines compared to the accessibility of information and services – has risen among societies. In previous research, several barriers – for example, psychological, physical, contextual, and sociodemographic – have been identified as preventing influenza vaccine uptake among risk groups. We approach the topic by using the social constructionist theory regarding the meaning construction of illnesses on cultural, individual, and third-party level. The findings outline the importance of meaning construction on all these levels. It appears that culturally influenza has been seen as an inevitable infectious disease related to the northern climate. Due to that, influenza is not considered as a life-threatening disease that would need preventive actions, except some basic hygiene or usage of folk medicine tools (e.g., ginger and garlic). On an individual level, the meaning construction is based on individual experiences, both with the illness and the vaccine – in the case of negative experiences with vaccine, the perception of something useless or even harmful develops. In addition, it appears that people create their own strategies to rationalize rejection of vaccination for themselves. These involve considerations about belonging to the risk group or the possibility to manage daily activities in non-risky manner even when belonging to the risk group. On the third-party level, participants saw the potential of pharmacies to alleviate practical constraints (e.g., tight schedule, daily occupation, etc.). Different media channels are also important in mediating vaccination-related information, but the rationalization and selection of the channels vary widely. The context of the coronavirus changed the vaccination-related perception temporarily for a short term, indicating that fear-based special occasions do not entail a long-term shift in health behaviour as the development of health-related decisions and behaviour is also long-term.
PL
Podczas pandemii koronawirusa w językach narodowych pojawiły się innowacje językowe, ale wiele słów już istniejących również wykorzystano do opisania nowej „koronawirusowej” rzeczywistości. Celem badań jest analiza zastosowania metafory kognitywnej „koronawirus to wojna” w rosyjskim dyskursie medialnym. Na przykładzie wybranych tekstów internetowych wyróżniono specyficzną leksykę, która pozwala opisać walkę z pandemią w terminach wojennych. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wyłaniają się dwa główne wnioski. W tekstach występują leksemy bazowe, które pozwalają uaktywnić zbiorowe wzorce myślenia o pandemii w kategoriach wojny. Ponadto w analizowanych tekstach można zaobserwować zawężenie lub rozszerzenie znaczenia słów kluczowych okresu pandemii. Markery leksykalne wskazujące źródłową domenę wojna są stosowane niezależnie od wielkości terytorium – może to być świat, kraj, miasto, szpital, mieszkanie, w którym ludzie chronią siebie i innych przed koronawirusem. Można stwierdzić, że metafora militarna jest skuteczna w opisywaniu sytuacji kryzysowych, takich jak pandemia koronawirusa. Wykorzystanie tego typu metafor w tekstach medialnych pomaga opanować zagrożenie, wyjaśnić, co się dzieje, a także wpłynąć na zachowanie ludzi, nakierowując ich myślenie do konkretnej domeny.
EN
During the coronavirus pandemic, linguistic innovations emerged in national languages, but many pre-existing words were also used to describe the new coronavirus reality. The purpose of the research is to analyze the implementation of the cognitive linguistic metaphor ‘Coronavirus is War’ in Russian media discourse. Using selected online media texts, specific words can be found that formulate the description of the fight against the pandemic in terms of war. Two main research findings emerge from this study. There are basic lexemes which enable activation of collective patterns of thought about the pandemic in terms of war. In the analyzed texts both narrowing and widening of the meaning of the keywords of the pandemic period can be seen. Lexical markers indicating the source domain of WAR are used regardless of the scale of the territory – it can be the world, country, city, hospital, apartment in which people protect themselves and others from the coronavirus. It can be concluded that military metaphor is effective in describing crisis situations such as the coronavirus pandemic. The use of this type of metaphor in media texts helps contain the threat, explain what is happening, as well as influence people’s behavior and direct their way of thinking to a specific domain.
RU
Во время пандемии коронавируса в национальных языках появились языковые инновации, но многие уже существующие слова также использовались для описания новой „коронавирусной” реальности. Целью исследования является анализ использования когнитивной метафоры Коронавирус – это Война в российском медиадискурсе. На примере отбранных интернет-текстов выделена специфическая лексика, позволяющая описать борьбу с пандемией с помощью военной терминологии. Из проведенного анализа вытекают два основных вывода. В текстах есть базовые лексемы, которые позволяют активировать коллективные модели мышления о пандемии в категориях войны. Кроме того, в анализируемых текстах можно наблюдать сужение или расширение значения ключевых слов периода пандемии. Лексические маркеры, указывающие на исходный домен ВОЙНА, применяются независимо от размера территории – это может быть мир, страна, город, больница, жилье, где люди защищают себя и других от коронавируса. Можно сделать вывод, что военная метафора эффективна при описании чрезвычайных ситуаций, таких как пандемия коронавируса. Использование такого типа метафоры в текстах СМИ помогает справиться с угрозой, объяснить, что происходит, а также влиять на поведение людей, направляя их мышление в определенную область.
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