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EN
Today taxes play a very important role, provide financial resources to the state budget and ensure its proper functioning. Taxes are the most important source of state income. In order for the state to develop and fulfill basic obligations towards citizens, it must have financial means at its disposal. The tax system, as a collection of taxes in a given country, must be created in a clear and transparent way so as to facilitate taxpayers' actions. The tax must be set at an appropriate level so that it does not adversely affect taxpayers, and must also provide adequate resources to the state budget. Corporate income tax, on the one hand, is a burden and a barrier to the development of legal persons who run a business, but is also a source of state budget revenue. Corporate income tax was introduced in Poland along with the establishment of a free market economy. This is an income tax that does not take into account the minimum tax-free amount and does not differentiate tax entities. Corporate income tax in Poland has undergone a number of important transformations, especially after the accession of Poland to the European Union. Tax rates have been systematically reduced since the early 1990s. Corporate income tax should be particularly convenient for entrepreneurs, and should not act destructively because the number of entrepreneurs in the state determines the level of economic and industrial development. This is even more important since, after Poland's accession to the European Union, the transfer of a business to another EU member state no longer constitutes a problem. Attractive income tax also attracts foreign investors for whom the aspect related to easy accounting is vital. The aim of the publication is to discuss the issues related to the Polish corporate income tax i.e. tax management in an enterprise, the application of discounts and exemptions and also issues related to state income from corporate income tax and the income lost due to relief and dismissals. The paper also touches upon issues related to the construction of Polish corporate income tax, subject, object and the basis of this tax. It also covers the scale and rates of taxation, exemptions and reductions from corporate tax and a summary of the efficiency and favorability of entrepreneurs for the provisions of this tax. The work is based on a critical analysis of literature on the subject.
EN
Currently, a holding company is one of the most popular form of organisation in the globalized Europe. The tax situation of such entities is a significant condition determining cross-border operations. Therefore, the objective of this article is to analyse the theories of taxation of holding companies conducting business activity on the territory of the EU. Analysis shows how great a variety of models (theories) of taxation, which are available in various EU Member States, a holding company may use. Individual tax theories are characterised by particular constructions that have both advantages and disadvantages.
EN
Objective: To demonstrate how a high-skilled competitively-priced Polish labour force, thriving amid enlightened manufacturing policies which are far from a coalition of coincidences, has created a specialist yacht-building sector – and a superyacht one with exceptional potential. Research Design & Methods: This theoretical and empirical study sets out, after defining and describing the superyacht sector by reviewing limited existing research, to apply basic quantitative methods – correlation and regression - to isolate the demand and production factors most likely to explain and ensure continued success. From limited data and previous research it produces a clear result; manufacturing nations with a strong labour market, upholding a highly-skilled, cost-competitive workforce, compared with boatyards in nascent or mature boatbuilding nations, are delivering persistent prosperity with promise of further growth. This, for the first time, weighs the comparative importance of supply-side factors that drive production and points the way for further work to understand its success. Warsaw’s support for manufacturing has quietly created ideal conditions for a niche sector to flourish, success also within reach of countries with a similar labour pool. Findings: A positive relationship between overall global fleet size and numbers of millionaires in producer countries is confirmed by correlation and then regression analyses prove three hypotheses. First, the dominant influence of competitive labour resources; second, the much lesser (though still important) role of tax policy among other factors, such as industry path dependency and education levels, which can also be expected to be key economic drivers of growth. A third, subsidiary, hypothesis also holds: that a sector with special advantages – in this case luxury products in a resilient marketplace – can outperform other manufacturing segments. The findings confirm the global superyacht market presents significant opportunities for sustained expansion and enterprise for producers like Poland. Implications/Recommendations: The EU recognises the importance of marine industries to trade and enterprise. However, to take advantage of assured superyacht market growth, policymakers need to continue to nurture a skilled labour pool with funding and training support. They could also cut corporation tax to specifically support boatbuilders, perhaps introducing a lower tier for innovating and expanding industries under Industrial Revolution 0.4 strategies. Contribution/Value Added: An in-depth examination of a specific sector with appeal to work and wealth creators worldwide, identifying a special labour market premium in Poland and previously unrecognised upside opportunities for all market participants.
EN
The purpose of the article is to analyse the Act of 28 November 2020 amending the Personal Income Tax Act, the Corporate Income Tax Act, the Act on flatrate income tax on certain income received by natural persons and certain other acts, which results in limited partnerships obtaining the status of corporate income tax payer. The article describes in detail the rules of the taxation of limited partnerships with corporate tax and exceptions to this rule. Furthermore, since that law completely alters the tax situation of an enterprises operated in the form of limited partnerships, and in particular the so-called LLC LPs the merits of its adoption have been assessed and the effects of its entry into force have been determined from the perspective of the members of such companies. Moreover, the article argues that it is presently no longer possible to create a structure of an enterprises which combines the characteristics of an existing limited partnership of which a limited liability company was a general partner, forcing partners to consider changes in the structure of an enterprises previously operated in the form of limited partnerships, the general partners of which are limited liability companies. Accordingly, the article attempts to identify alternatives to the so-called LLC LPs, forms of establishment, together with a description of how they have been transformed.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie ustawy z 28.11.2020 r. o zmianie ustawy o podatku dochodowym od osób fizycznych, ustawy o podatku dochodowym od osób prawnych, ustawy o zryczałtowanym podatku dochodowym od niektórych przychodów osiąganych przez osoby fizyczne oraz niektórych innych ustaw, skutkiem której jest uzyskanie przez spółki komandytowe statusu podatnika podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych. W treści artykułu w sposób szczegółowy opisano regulacje dotyczące opodatkowania spółek komandytowych podatkiem CIT oraz wyjątki od tej zasady. Z uwagi na fakt, że wskazana ustawa w sposób całkowity zmienia sytuację podatkową przedsiębiorstw prowadzonych w formie spółek komandytowych, a w szczególności tzw. sp. z o.o. sp.k., oceniono zasadność jej uchwalenia oraz określono skutki jej wejścia w życie z perspektywy wspólników takich spółek. Ponadto w treści artykułu postawiono tezę, zgodnie z którą w chwili obecnej nie jest już możliwe utworzenie struktury przedsiębiorstwa łączącej w sobie cechy dotychczasowej spółki komandytowej, której komplementariuszem była spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością. Zmusza to wspólników do rozważenia zmian w strukturze przedsiębiorstw prowadzonych do tej pory w formie w formie spółek komandytowych, których komplementariuszami są spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością. W związku z tym w treści artykułu podjęto próbę określenia alternatywnych do sp. z o. o. sp. k. form prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej wraz z opisem sposobu ich przekształcenia.
EN
The objective of the paper is to present the regulation of Estonian CIT, type of income tax in Poland in the context of changes that took place January 1 this year. It describe the subject of the regulation in opposition to 2021`s regulation, decisions of tax authorities (individual interpretations) and tax benefits that can be obtained thanks to changes in the law.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie regulacji dotyczących ryczałtu od dochodów spółek, czyli tzw. estońskiego CIT1, jako rodzaju podatku dochodowego w Polsce z uwzględnieniem zmian, które weszły w życie z dniem 1 stycznia bieżącego roku. Autor opisuje tę formę opodatkowania w kontekście regulacji z 2021 r., decyzji organów podatkowych (interpretacje indywidualne) oraz korzyści podatkowych, które można uzyskać dzięki zmianom w zakresie prawa podatkowego.
EN
Taxes represent crucial part of source of public finance in the market economy of each country. They are one of the most important public revenues for country´s economy and wellbeing, and as well as they are inseparable part of tax policy and tax system. Our contribution deals with the development of tax revenues influenced by corporate tax rate in the Slovak Republic in period of 1995-2016. Based on regression analysis, we quantify an effect of selected macroeconomic indicators on the total tax revenues in Slovakia. The results show two significant variables which are high positively dependable on volume of corporate tax revenues: the first variable is GDP per capita, and the second variable is foreign direct investments. Based on our results, an annual rate growth of GDP causes an increase in tax revenuesby 0.6809%, and foreign direct investments increase tax revenues by 0.0419%.
XX
Podatki stanowią zasadniczą część struktury finansów publicznych w gospodarce rynkowej każdego kraju. Są one jednym z najważniejszych źródeł dochodów publicznych dla gospodarki i dobrobytu państwa, stanowiąc jednocześnie nieodłączny element polityki podatkowej i systemu podatkowego. W artykule zbadano rozwój wpływów podatkowych według stawki podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych w Republice Słowackiej w latach 1995-2016. Na podstawie analizy regresji określony ilościowo został wpływ wybranych wskaźników makroekonomicznych na całkowite dochody podatkowe na Słowacji. Wyniki badań pokazują dwie istotne zmienne, które są dodatnie i wysoko zależne od wielkości dochodów z tytułu podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych. Pierwszą z tych zmiennych jest PKB na mieszkańca, zaś drugą zmienną – bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdza się, że roczna stopa wzrostu PKB powoduje wzrost dochodów podatkowych na poziomie 0,6809%, podczas gdy bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne zwiększają wpływy z podatków o 0,0419%.
EN
The objective of the paper is to present the regulation of the minimum corporate income tax in Austria (Mindestkörperschaftsteuer), Italy (Imposta sul reddito delle società) and Poland (minimalny CIT), in the context of its functions, efficiency and how this tax responds to the realities and challenges that the free market imposes on state tax systems. It describes the subjects of the regulation, the tax rate, the way of its calculation and existing exemptions. The specific features of the regulations of analysed systems are also highlighted – including a wide range of subjects in the Austrian system, a narrower scope of subjects and a higher tax rate in the Italian system, as well as the problem of introducing a new regulation in the Polish system. The extent to which the described institutions fulfil the task of sealing the tax system is also analysed, using the International Tax Competitiveness Index 2021 created by the Tax Foundation think tank. It allows to conclude that the solution introduced in Austria makes little use of the potential of this tax instrument; the Italian system seems to realise it in a more effective way, but struggles with tax avoidance on a much larger scale, while in the case of the Polish minimum CIT no such data exists yet, however the ranking suggests that the problem of sealing the tax system is a problem of a smaller scale, which gives the possibility to modify the tax structure in order to realise its task more effectively.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie uregulowania konstrukcji minimalnego podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych w Austrii (Mindestkörperschaftsteuer), we Włoszech (Imposta sul reddito delle società) i w Polsce (minimalny CIT1) w kontekście jego funkcji, efektywności oraz tego, jak podatek ten odpowiada realiom i wyzwaniom, jakie wolny rynek stawia przed państwowymi systemami podatkowymi. Opisano zakres podmiotowy regulacji, stawkę podatku, sposób jego obliczania oraz stosowane zwolnienia. Zwrócono również uwagę na specyficzne cechy regulacji analizowanych systemów, m.in. szeroki zakres podmiotowy w systemie austriackim, węższy zakres podmiotowy i wyższą stawkę podatku w systemie włoskim, a także problematykę wprowadzenia nowej regulacji w systemie polskim. Analizie poddano także stopień, w jakim opisane instytucje spełniają zadanie uszczelniania systemu podatkowego; wykorzystano do tego celu International Tax Competitiveness Index 2021 (Międzynarodowy Indeks Konkurencyjności Podatkowej 2021) stworzony przez think tank Tax Foundation. Pozwala to stwierdzić, że rozwiązanie wprowadzone w Austrii w niewielkim stopniu wykorzystuje potencjał tego instrumentu podatkowego, system włoski wydaje się realizować go w sposób efektywniejszy, ale zmaga się z unikaniem opodatkowania na znacznie większą skalę, w przypadku polskiego minimalnego CIT nie dysponujemy jeszcze natomiast takimi danymi, ranking sugeruje jednak, że problem uszczelnienia systemu podatkowego ma mniejszą skalę, co daje możliwość modyfikacji konstrukcji podatkowej w celu efektywniejszej realizacji zadań przed nią stawianych.
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