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Urzędnicy sądowi departamentu / izby cywilnej Wileńskiego Sądu Głównego w latach 1802–1853

100%
Kowalik J.
Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku
|
2021
|
vol. 24
7-28
EN
The years of Partitions were a time of transformation of all areas of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Processes of assimilation with the occupying countries took place in every part of the partition. The unification of the state administration in the Polish territories incorporated into Russia proceeded in stages. It took relatively the longest in the legal system and judicial administration. By the decision of Catherine II in the Vilnius governorate, the 3rd Statute of Lithuania remained the most important source of law, the official language was still Polish, and the nobility gathered every three years for election assemblies in order to select candidates for land offices. These rules were confirmed by successive tsars sitting on the Russian throne. Inevitable changes in the judiciary took place during the reign of tsar Nicholas I, and the complete abolition of Polish-Lithuanian legal norms in western governorates finally took place in 1840. The purpose of this article is to trace the composition of the officials of the civil department (then chamber) of the Vilnius Main Court and to draw a collective portrait of them. The analysis will take into account: origin, education, religion, property, career history, received awards and achieved levels of promotion according to the rank table in force in the Russian Empire. Interpretation of the collected material will also allow to trace the processes taking place in the judiciary of the Vilnius Governorate under the influence of the changing political situation resulting from the progressive Russification.
PL
Lata zaborów to czas przemian zachodzących na terenach całej byłej Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. W każdej części zaborowej zachodziły określone procesy asymilacyjne z okupującymi je państwami. Unifikacja administracji państwowej na ziemiach polskich wcielonych do Rosji postępowała etapowo. Stosunkowo najdłużej przebiegała w systemie prawnym i administracji sądowej. Decyzją Katarzyny II w guberni wileńskiej najważniejszym źródłem prawa pozostał III Statut Litewski, językiem urzędowym nadal był polski, a szlachta zbierała się co trzy lata na sejmiki elekcyjne w celu wyłonienia kandydatów na urzędy ziemskie. Zasady te potwierdzali kolejni carowie zasiadający na rosyjskim tronie. Nieuchronne zmiany w wymiarze sprawiedliwości zaszły za panowania Mikołaja I, a do całkowitego zniesienia polsko-litewskich norm prawnych w guberniach zachodnich doszło ostatecznie w 1840 r. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest prześledzenie składu personalnego urzędników departamentu cywilnego (następnie izby cywilnej) Wileńskiego Sądu Głównego oraz nakreślenie ich portretu zbiorowego. W analizie będą brane pod uwagę: pochodzenie, wykształcenie, wyznanie, majątek, przebieg kariery, otrzymane nagrody oraz osiągnięte stopnie awansu według obowiązującej w Cesarstwie Rosyjskim tabeli rang. Interpretacja zebranego materiału pozwoli także na prześledzenie procesów zachodzących w sądownictwie guberni wileńskiej pod wpływem zmieniającej się sytuacji politycznej, wynikającej z postępującej rusyfikacji.
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Procedura rozstrzygania spraw wpadkowych w kanonicznym procesie małżeńskim

100%
Pawluk Ł.
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
|
2017
|
issue XIV/14
275-295
EN
In the will of Christ a marriage of baptized is a sacrament. It is therefore subject to special protection of canon law. The Church is guarding the institution of marriage which is inseparable from the will of God. One of the way of this protection are the norms for the conduct the cases of nullity of marriage. This process does not exist to declare nullity of marriage but to reach the objective truth about a particular marriage, and therefore to declare whether the marriage was ever concluded in a valid way. The subject of the article is about the incidental cases that may occur in the process of nullity of marriage. Incidental cases are some of the issues that are not considered as the main issue but they appear during the process and require clarification so that the main issue can continue. Incidental cases are not one of the most important elements of the marriage nullity process. However, they are helpful for the ultimate clarification of the truth about a given marriage. The lawmaker presents two situations that can be resolved in canonical processes as in-cidental cases. Namely, the absence of the litigant and the intervention of a third person in case. There may also be other incidental cases in the process of nullity of marriage. These are, among others, the following situations: the exclusion of a judge or other church officials from the case, a finding of a judge's inability to settle a case, the determination of the party's ability to appear in court and the appointment of a curator, acceptance or exclusion the evidence, correcting the error in the judgment, the death declaration of one of the parties, and the question of existence of the bond of marriage. These are not the only things that can be resolved by the mode of incidental cases but only the most possible to occur and indicated by the canonists.
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