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Mistrovská zkouška cechů krejčích v českých zemích

100%
Svoboda J., Reischlová D.
Folia historica Bohemica
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2021
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vol. 36
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issue 1
5-31
EN
This study deals with the establishment and course of the tailors’ master craftsmen exam in the historical territory of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Based on a comparison of sources pertaining to guilds – especially of the articles of the guild, official registers and books of tailoring patterns – the author analyzes the beginning of the master craftsmen exam in the Middle Ages, how its main characteristics (such as payments, the length of training, the course of the exam) were being formed, as well as the subsequent changes during the early modern age. Great emphasis is placed on masterpieces, their variety or the way they were made; to this aim, the author uses some up to now unknown or seldom used sources such as lists of masterpieces or protocols pertaining to the master craftsmen exams. A milestone with respect to researching the master craftsmen exam became the approval of the general articles of the guild in 1739, while this study compares regulations on the exams and masterpieces with the previous practice. Using the example of tailors from Mirošov u R okycan, the final part of this paper studies the course of the master craftsmen exam in the period following the issuance of the general articles of the guild.
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Struktura zawodowa Płocka w świetle księgi ławniczej miasta za lata 1489-1517

100%
Graczyk W.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
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2018
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vol. XXV
164-171
EN
Liber actorum civilium of the city of Płock covering the years 1489-1517 is a valuable source of information about the social and professional structure of Płock, as well as its customs and culture at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. Fortunately it survived the destruction of archival and library collections in Warsaw during World War II, and was published in 1995 by Danuta Poppe. On the pages of this liber of the city of Płock for the years 489-1517 we find representatives of 20 professions who lived and worked in Płock. As was already mentioned it is not the complete list, although it still shows the areas of the activity of the townspeople from Płock. The testaments say a lot about their financial status where sacrum, charity, care and family protection completed each other. The records in which the Płock craftsman appear on the pages of the liber actorum civilum concerned every day matters as purchase, sale, exchange, lease or donations. The fact that they enjoyed the popularity of the residents of the city shows that they were asked for arbitration of arguable matters. At the turn of 15th and 16th century the craftsmen were involved in the guilds, of which the liber mentions four: butchers, weavers, shoemakers, saddlers. The traits were concerned with the development of the craft among other trade contracts. Moreover they defended the interests of their community, they provided aid to the needy, gave opportunities for social contacts and also cared for the morality of the guild members.
3
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Uczeń w szeregach rzemieślniczych. System edukacyjny i wychowawczy chłopców w wileńskich cechach w dobie wczesnonowożytnej w świetle statutów cechowych

99%
Manyś B.
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
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2019
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issue 40
7-23
EN
In this paper, I analyse the educational and teaching systems developed for boys joining Vilnius craft workshops. The boys worked (participating in production) and prepared themselves for their future profession. In my paper, I present the educational and teaching paths leading to an apprentice assuming the status of a fellow. It is interesting how the students operated in the structures of the guild workshops and what skills they possessed. The research does not encompass the sons of master craftsmen and out-of-guild craftsmen who would come to Vilnius and attempt to join the craft guilds. These issues require a separate analysis. It was not my intention to provide a holistic study of the issue; rather, I revised and supplemented Józef Morzy’s research in which he partly analysed craft guilds in Vilnius with respect to the essential work skills. In my analysis, I made use of the statutes of the craft guilds operating in Vilnius, one of the biggest cities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the early modern period.
4
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Stowarzyszenia czeladnicze

86%
Sokołowska E.
Studia Elbląskie
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2014
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vol. 15
43-60
EN
This article has the goal to present the development of Catholic journeyman organizations in Warmia from 1848 until the outbreak of the First World War. He relies primarily on reports in the press of the 19th Century as well as archival material. In this paper wasdescribed the history of these associations, and then the social organizations in Warmia, taking into account their education, their governing bodies, as well as the time and place of the meetings held and the development of initiatives in favor of the intellectual, moral, and professional development of young men. Soon the extent of the popularity of this organization has been lit among the young craftsmen and among believers of local parishes. Furthermore, the role of the Catholic clergy in the establishment of journeymen associations was examined. Finally, structural bonds of Warmia organizations with headquarters in Germany were analyzed.
5
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Self-employment in joinery: An occupational risk facor?

86%
Lesage F.-X., Salles J., Deschamps F.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2014
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vol. 27
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issue 3
355-363
EN
Objectives: Only a few studies have analyzed the health of self-employed workers. This cross-sectional study is the first to compare health status among craftsmen joiners and paid joiners. Material and Methods: Clinical and paraclinical data for self-employed craftsmen and employees were collected by occupational health doctors according to a standardized protocol and compared. Health data and professional status relationships were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: A total of 171 craftsmen and 196 paid workers were included. Craftsmen had more dermatologic pathologies (odds ratio (OR) = 2.67, p < 0.05), ear/nose/throat symptoms (OR = 3.38, p < 0.001), pulmonary symptoms (OR = 2.46, p < 0.05), musculoskeletal symptoms (OR = 3.09, p < 0.001), and abnormal audiogram (OR = 3.50, p < 0.001). The FEV₁ was significantly lower among craftsmen (p < 0.01), independently of tobacco smoke exposure. Conclusions: This survey highlights a high morbidity rate among self-employed craftsmen, suggesting that among woodworkers, professional status can be a risk factor for health. The preventive medical system for craftsmen has to be rethought to guarantee better safety for this population.
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Obraz małych polskich miast w literaturze z XVI i XVII wieku

86%
Żurek D.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2019
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vol. 84
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issue 3
153-167
EN
The article deals with the issue of the perception of small Polish towns by authors of literary works from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Due to the fact that this type of settlements prevailed in the urban landscape of our country, it is interesting whether the authors gave them any attention and, if so, what problems of the towns were raised. The analysis shows that this topic was marginally discussed. Towns in general, even the largest ones, did not enjoy any particular interest of artists. Small towns, however, most often appear as a collective entity. What drew artists’ attention were wooden buildings, which often constitute the towns’ weakness. The authors devote a little more attention to urban craftsmen, having the worst opinion about them. However, these are essentially the views of the nobility, thus show its negative attitude towards towns and townspeople.
7
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Obraz małych polskich miast w literaturze z XVI i XVII wieku

86%
Żurek D.
|
EN
The article deals with the issue of the perception of small Polish towns by authors of literary works from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Due to the fact that this type of settlements prevailed in the urban landscape of our country, it is interesting whether the authors gave them any attention and, if so, what problems of the towns were raised. The analysis shows that this topic was marginally discussed. Towns in general, even the largest ones, did not enjoy any particular interest of artists. Small towns, however, most often appear as a collective entity. What drew artists’ attention were wooden buildings, which often constitute the towns’ weakness. The authors devote a little more attention to urban craftsmen, having the worst opinion about them. However, these are essentially the views of the nobility, thus show its negative attitude towards towns and townspeople.
8
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Praca w życiu chrześcijanina. Stanowisko św. Jana Chryzostoma

58%
Szczur P.
Verbum Vitae
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2014
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vol. 25
171-201
EN
This article is a presentation of St. John Chrysostom’s social teaching on the value of work. This teaching is grounded in the Holy Scriptures. By describing Christ and certain biblical figures (e.g. St. Paul) as people of work, Chrysostom underscores the meaning and value of labor. He does so contrary to the opinion of the wealthy in the Antioch society, who despised both the physical labor and the people performing it. In the teaching of the Archbishop of Constantinople, physical work is a cooperation with God in the effort of transforming the world. It is an element which ennobles a human being, provides him with the means necessary to support his life and enabling him to undertake the works of mercy. St. John also highlights the difficult situation of many peasants, craftsmen and merchants, and in this way he tries to direct the attention of the wealthy to this social problem. It can be deduced from Chrysostom’s writing that the life of slaves, which constituted a large portion of the late antique society, was generally modest and filled with work – especially the most onerous one. In giving instructions to slaves, St. John admonishes them to be submissive to their masters and do their work well. In speaking to the masters, however, he recommended that their relationships with slaves were humanitarian and shaped according to the Gospel. It is noteworthy to see that the element of love of one’s neighbor (philanthropy) and forgiving mercy brought new quality into the social structures of the time, especially between a master and a slave.
9
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Family Structures and Population of Craftsman Households in Cossack Ukraine in the Second Half of the 18th Century

51%
Kovalenko O.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2018
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vol. 40
63-82
PL
Celem artykułu było ukazanie cech demograficznych rodzin rzemieślników cechowych i ich gospodarstw domowych w Hetmanacie Kozackim (kozackie terytorium autonomiczne położone na lewym brzegu Dniepru) w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku na przykładzie miast Poltava, Pereiaslav i Nizhyn. Przeanalizowano wskaźniki i wielkość populacji rzemieślników i ich rodzin, typy rodzinne i strukturę gospodarstw domowych na podstawie Generalnego Opisu Lewobrzeżnej Ukrainy z lat 1765–1766 („Spis ludności Rumiancewa”). W tym celu uwzględniono czynnik specjalizacji rzemieślniczej – obliczenia przeprowadzono osobno dla najbardziej rozpowszechnionych rzemiosł występujących we wszystkich miastach: tkactwa, kowalstwa, szewstwa i rzeźnictwa. Ustalono, że rzemieślnicy osiedli w miastach Hetmanatu byli rozproszeni, a rzemieślnicy cechowi zamieszkiwali we własnych domach z podwórzem i innymi przyległymi zabudowaniami o charakterze mieszkalnym lub gospodarczym („dvor”) (99,2–81,3%). Tego rodzaju gospodarstwa domowe funkcjonowały w prostej strukturze zabudowy, która obejmowała jeden dom (50,2%) lub dom ze spiżarnią (16,1%). Oznacza to, że rzemieślnicy nie mieli specjalnego miejsca na warsztaty, z wyjątkiem kuźni zlokalizowanych poza gospodarstwami domowymi. Na podstawie wskaźników demograficznych można stwierdzić, że ludność rzemieślnicza miast Hetmanatu wpasowywała się w model zachodnioeuropejski, jako że wiodąca pozycja należała do rodziny nuklearnej (68,7%). Rodzina złożona zajmowała drugie miejsce – 13,6%, a rodzina rozszerzona plasowała się na trzecim – 11,7%. Przeciętnie gospodarstwo domowe rzemieślnicze liczyło sobie 5,8 osoby, a obsada rodzin – 4,5 osoby. Wielkość ta była mniejsza w porównaniu z kozackimi i chłopskimi („pospolyti”) gospodarstwami domowymi w miastach Hetmanatu. Pracownicy, uczniowie, czeladnicy, krewni i inne osoby mogły również mieszkać w gospodarstwie domowym ze swoją rodziną. Mistrzowie przyuczali od jednego do czterech uczniów jednocześnie. Wielkość gospodarstw domowych rzemieślników różnych zawodów pokazuje, że pomimo różnorodności regionalnej domostwa („dvory”) rzeźników nie były silnie obsadzone, a domostwa tkaczy i szewców były najbardziej zagęszczone pod względem obsady osobowej.
EN
The aim of the article is to observe the demographical characteristics of the Cossack Hetmanate (an autonomous Cossack territory situated on the Left Bank of the Dnieper River), guild craftsman families and households in the second half of the 18th century in the cities of Poltava, Pereiaslav and Nizhyn. The index and size of the craftsman household population, and their family densities are analyzed, their family types and household development structure are defined on the basis of the General Description of the Leftbank Ukraine of 1765–1766 (“Rumyantsev Census”). Craft specialization was considered for this purpose – calculations were made separately for the most widespread crafts, given in all cities: weaving, blacksmithing, tailoring, shoemaking and butchering. It was determined that artisans settling in the Hetmanate cities were of a dispersive character, with guild craftsmen living in their own yards (99.2–81.3%). These households had simple residential accommodation, which included one house (50.2%) or a house with a pantry (16.1%). This means that artisans did not have a special space for workshops, excluding smithies located outside households. According to the demographic indexes, the craftsman population of Hetmanate cities fits the western European model, as the leading position belonged to the nuclear family (68.7%). Multifocal family occupies second place with 13.6% and the extended family occupies third place with 11.7%. On average, the population of the craftsman households was 5.8 people, with the density of their families 4.5 persons. This size was smaller than the Cossack and peasant (“pospolyti”) household size in the Hetmanate cities. Workers, apprentices, journeymen, relatives or other persons could also live in a household with a family. Master craftsmen taught from one to four apprentices simultaneously. Household size for artisans of different professions shows that, despite the regional diversity, butchers’ yards were sparsely populated, and the yards of weavers and shoemakers were the most crowded.
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