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Prosecuting War Crimes and Meeting Obligations under the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms at the Same Time – the Case of Croatia

100%
Barberić L., Čolak D., Dolmagić J.
Croatian International Relations Review
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2015
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vol. 21
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issue 74
41-61
EN
This article aims to give an overview of how human rights violations that occurred during the Homeland War in Croatia are redressed by conducting criminal prosecution in the Republic of Croatia. Namely, criminal prosecution as one of the elements of transitional justice is essential not only for establishing the accountability of war crime perpetrators, but also as a warning that such violations shall not be tolerated in the future. Moreover, drawing on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, this article examines how the efforts made by national prosecution bodies to investigate war crimes are assessed by this court. It concludes with the idea that both prosecution of war crimes and protection of human rights, as guaranteed by The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the European Court of Human Rights, seek to achieve the same goal, i.e. protecting the most basic human rights of the war crimes victims and other individuals.
2

Privatisierung der Strafverfolgung — Königsweg oder Irrweg?

100%
Sieg R.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
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2017
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vol. 43
483-507
EN
The comprehensive use of private individuals by the company management for the systematic clearance of suspected economic crimes has been for decades a tried and tested fact-finding method in the US legal system. In Germany this form of corporate private investigations took not place or was unknown to the public prosecution. This changed dramatically with the discovery of spectacular corruption affairs with international relation in 2007. “Internal Investigations” have developed since then to a lucrative commercial model particularly for American solicitor’s offices, because only these are accepted by the American authorities (America only). However, the adherence to examination standards of a state under the rule of law must be also protected in the job. The judiciary must win back the inquiry sovereignty in the fight against economic crime. The fight against international economic crime can no longer be left to a single country alone. The fight against anti-competitive corruption should be a priority for the entire community. As an adequate means supplements to the Convention on the Fight against Corruption of the Council of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on the Laws of Transnational Criminal Prosecution of Economic Offenses come into consideration.
3
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Special case of temporary suspension of criminal prosecution (§ 159C and § 159D of the Criminal Procedure Code): an effective legal instrument in the fight against corruption or covert introduction of the institution of crown witness?

84%
Coufalová B.
Forum Polityki Kryminalnej
|
2021
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issue 1
1-13
PL
Korupcja to jedno z najniebezpieczniejszych zjawisk we współczesnym społeczeństwie. Nic więc dziwnego, że ustawodawca i całe społeczeństwo nieustannie poszukują nowych sposobów skutecznego zwalczania takich negatywnych zjawisk. Jednak korupcja ma jedną szczególną cechę, którą jest niski poziom wykrywalności w porównaniu z innymi formami przestępczości. Biorąc pod uwagę, że korupcja charakteryzuje się wysokim stopniem utajenia, zrozumiałe jest, że tradycyjne środki prawa karnego nie są w stanie zapewnić skutecznego wykrywania i ścigania tego typu przestępstw. Istnieje stosunkowo nowy proceduralny instrument prawny dotyczący zwalczania korupcji w art. 159c i 159d kodeksu postępowania karnego. Powstaje jednak pytanie, czy ten nowy przepis nie jest zakamuflowanym wprowadzeniem instytucji świadka koronnego do czeskiego porządku prawnego.
EN
Corruption is one of the most dangerous phenomena of contemporary society. So it is no wonder that the legislator and the whole society are always looking for new ways to effectively combat such negative phenomena. However, corruption has one specific feature, which is high latency, compared to other forms of crime. Given that corruption is characterized by a high degree of latency, it is understandable that traditional means of criminal law are unable to ensure effective detection and prosecution of this type of crime. There is a relatively new procedural legal instrument in the fight against corruption in Section 159c and 159d of the Criminal Procedure Code. However, the question is whether this new provision is not merely a covert introduction of the institution of the crown witness into the Czech legal order.
4
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Trestně procesní zásady legality a oportunity ve světle trestních teorií

67%
Kandová K.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2018
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vol. 157
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issue 7
582-596
EN
The nature of criminal law has been discussed since forever. Related “ontological” reflections justifying irreplaceable position of criminal law within the system of law to this day determine significantly its final legislative form. Attitudes to the role of criminal law in society were gradually being promoted through various philosophical streams which provoked also the creation of so-called criminal theories in the background of “historical” schools of criminal law. Two opposing criminal theories - absolute and relative - can be identified not only at the level of criminal substantial law in relation to the determination of criminal sanctions as legal consequences for the most serious unlawful actions, but (still more markedly) within the frame of criminal procedural law. In this context, we can see the comparison of these criminal theories with the principle of legality and opportunity of criminal prosecution as the couple of contradictory principles of criminal proceedings. Therefore, the author of the submitted article aims at verifying the validity of this statement about the connection between absolute criminal theories with principle of legality on one side and relative criminal theories with principle of opportunity on the other. Following this purpose, the author outlines theoretical base of analysed criminal theories and principles of criminal proceedings as well as other related categories.
CS
O povaze trestního práva se diskutuje již od nepaměti, přičemž související "ontologické" úvahy odůvodňující jeho nezastupitelné místo v rámci právního řádu i dnes v nezanedbatelné míře předurčují jeho konečnou legislativní podobu. Názory na úlohu trestního práva ve společnosti se postupně prosazovaly skrze různé filozofické proudy, které na pozadí "historických" škol trestního práva podnítily i vznik tzv. trestních teorií. Dvojici opozitních trestních teorií - teoriím absolutním a relativním - se však nepřikládá význam pouze v rovině trestního práva hmotného ve spojitosti s vymezením trestních sankcí, jakožto právních následků postihujících ta nejzávažnější protiprávní jednání, nýbrž (čím dál výrazněji) i v intencích trestního práva procesního. V odborné literatuře lze v daném kontextu pozorovat porovnávání předmětných trestních teorií se zásadou legality a oportunity trestního stíhání jakožto dvojicí protichůdných "iniciačních" zásad trestního řízení. Autorka si proto v předkládaném článku klade za cíl ověřit validitu tvrzení o spojení absolutních teorií trestání se zásadou legality na jedné straně a relativních teorií trestání se zásadou oportunity na straně druhé. Za tímto účelem nastíní stěžejní teoretická východiska zkoumaných trestních teorií, základních zásad trestního řízení, jakož i dalších souvisejících kategorií.
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