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Bułgarzy banaccy – fenomen trwałości kultury

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EN
Nowadays, the so-called Banat Bulgarians are a numerous group of the descendants of Bulgarian Catholics, which were forced to emigrate to Wallachia in the end of the 17th century and in the beginning of the 18th century and from there in years 1738–1741 to Banat. Small part of them (after 1878) returned to Bulgaria where they establish new villages. Most of them still live in Romanian territory, decidedly less numerous colonies are in Hungary and in Serbia. From the end of 19th century they were a subject of interest to historians and linguists. For historians, their history were extremely  interesting.  For  linguists,  because  they  managed  to  salvage  the  dialect  which became (in the half of the 19th century) a base of literary norm that was to shape their language.
ET
The article springs from the discussion on the depiction of Estonian history in autobiographical writing, in which researchers have pointed out either the cultural continuity or cultural rupture. The author deals with ‘rupture’ and ‘continuity’ as interrelated, mutually conditioning phenomena, asking how this relation is disclosed in life writing. For research the author selected autobiographies narrated in the period from 1989 to 1998 from the life writing collection of the Estonian Cultural History Archives. The 18 analysed stories depict life in Stalinist prison camps. It is assumed that in the life narratives that are concerned with prison experiences, the cultural, everyday and political disruptions are particularly clearly outlined. The thematic analysis of the stories reveals that narrators concentrate on prison experiences related to food, work and death. The axis supporting the narratives comes to the fore through linguistic images: the narrators, former prisoners of the Stalinist camps, perceive themselves as being outside the borders of civilisation, deprived of human treatment. It is significant that the stories do not present much information about the development of the authors’ relationships with their families after the prison camp. How the prison camp period influenced later personal lives was told by only one of the authors of the studied narratives. The stories were narrated at the end of the Soviet period (during Perestroika), or in Estonia after the restitution of independence. By that time, approximately 40 years had passed since the events, and aspects of personal life had been solved and discussed. On the public level, an open discussion on these topics started namely at the end of the 1980s. Then, at the end of the Soviet period, also the rehabilitation of the repressed people started, opening a dialogue between the individual and the state institutions on the topic of repression. The studied life stories also belong to this period: it was the period when my story became our nation’s story. Ruptures in these stories are primarily associated with political upheavals, which also broke the expected sequence of personal life events. Yet, at the same time, the rupture did not interrupt the historical or cultural process, but rather, by describing self-image and situations, brought out the aspect more meaningfully. As a result of the analysis of the texts, the author came to the conclusion that in these stories the topic of humanity rather than the problem of political and cultural rupture and continuity is in the foreground.
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MUZEA – PERSPEKTYWY

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EN
The fact that the model of a museum institution established in the 19th century needs to be changed has been mentioned at least since the mid-20th century. Defined as a modern or modernistic museum, it was the result of deep social changes which took place in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the essence of its mission was faith in the Enlightenment ideals, especially in knowledge and development, as well as the conviction of the superiority of the Western world over the rest of the world at the time, and also the need to define national identity in the process of forming nation-states. Judging from the opinions of researchers, critics and museum professionals, there are two distinct points of view regarding the functioning of this model in the contemporary world. Some conceive of the museum as a distinct realm, removed from social and political forces, whereas others see it as democratising access to art, and even as politically correct when they attempt to include groups formerly omitted from history.Among the phenomena and trends which may result in the current museum model being changed, new technologies, commercialisation and globalisation are mentioned. The author also suggests adding elements like a change in the character of the museum institution in the light of the great museum boom in Far Eastern countries, especially in China, the United Arab Emirates, Africa and South America, as well as problems connected with the new social hierarchy, or with the generational diversity of museum visitors. Changes may also be elicited by the increasing number of private museums and their impact on museum practices. A public museum, in order to face economic possibilities and the dynamics of private museums, will have to be open not only for the public but also for its collections, which in principle have to date been untouchable and closed for ethical rather than legal reasons.On the basic of these reflections, the author believes that the museum institution will be continuously open to collecting, researching and conserving art objects as well as to diverse educational activity, open to other than traditional forms of contact with the objects it collects, and open to various museum narratives not limited by conventions or academic limitations. What is more, exhibitions organised by museums will more frequently be used as a tool in social politics and in so-called soft diplomacy. Under the influence of the market economy and the dynamics of private museums, public museums will adopt more functional ways of administration, financing and managing museum property, and in the face of new forms of social communication they will reorganise their marketing departments. The organisation of blockbuster exhibitions will still remain an important element of the activity of worldwide art museums. In Poland, museums will be employed more strongly than ever in the state’s strategy aimed at minimising the civilisation gap with respect to developed EU countries.
PL
O potrzebie zmiany ukształtowanego w XIX w. modelu instytucji muzealnej mówi się przynajmniej od poł. XX stulecia. Model ten, określany jako muzeum nowoczesne, lub modernistyczne był wytworem głębokich przemian społecznych, które miały miejsce w Europie w XVIII i XIX w., a istotę jego misji stanowiła wiara w oświeceniowe ideały, głównie w wiedzę i postęp oraz przekonanie o cywilizacyjnej wyższości świata zachodniego nad resztą ówczesnego świata, jak też potrzeba definiowania tożsamości narodowych w procesie powstawania państw narodowych. Sądząc z wypowiedzi uczonych, krytyków i muzealników rysują się jednak dwa różniące się stanowiska odnośnie istnienia tego modelu we współczesnym świecie. Jedni widzą muzeum nadal jako oddzielny świat, z dala od społecznych i politycznych nacisków, a drudzy jako demokratyczny sposób dostępu do sztuki, a nawet jako instytucję poprawną politycznie, usiłującą przyciągnąć do siebie wykluczone przez historię grupy społeczne.Wśród zjawisk i trendów, które mogą wpłynąć na zmianę dotychczasowego modelu muzeum wymienia się nowe technologie, komercjalizację i globalizację. Autor proponuje dodać też takie, jak zmiana charakteru instytucji muzealnej pod wpływem ogromnego boomu muzealnego w krajach dalekiego wschodu, głównie w Chinach, w Emiratach Arabskich, w Afryce i Ameryce Południowej, jak też problemy związane z nową hierarchizacją społeczną, czy z pokoleniowym zróżnicowaniem publiczności muzealnej. Na zmianę wpłynąć też może wzrastająca liczba prywatnych muzeów i ich wpływ na praktykę muzealną. Muzeum publiczne, by sprostać ekonomicznym możliwościom i dynamice muzeów prywatnych, będzie musiało być otwarte nie tylko dla publiczności, ale też dla swych kolekcji, dotychczas w zasadzie niedotykalnych i zamkniętych, bardziej etycznymi niż prawnymi barierami.Na podstawie przedstawionych rozważań autor uważa, że instytucja muzealna będzie: nadal nastawiona na kolekcjonowanie, badanie i konserwację obiektów oraz na różnorodną działalność edukacyjną; otwarta na inne, niż tradycyjne, formy kontaktu z kolekcjonowanymi obiektami; otwarta na różnorakie, nie ograniczone konwenansem i akademickimi rygorami, narracje muzealne. A także: organizowane przez muzeum wystawy znacznie częściej niż dotychczas będą wykorzystywane jako narzędzia polityki społecznej i w tzw. miękkiej dyplomacji; muzea publiczne pod wpływem impulsów ze strony gospodarki rynkowej i dynamiki muzeów prywatnych przyjmą bardziej funkcjonalne sposoby zarządzania, finansowania i gospodarowania majątkiem muzealnym, a w obliczu nowych form komunikacji społecznej przebudują swoje komórki odpowiedzialne za działania marketingowe; ważnym elementem działalności światowych muzeów sztuki pozostaną nadal organizowane przez nie wielkoskalowe wystawy czasowe; w Polsce muzea będą znacznie silniej, niż dotychczas, wykorzystywane w strategii państwa do minimalizowania dystansu cywilizacyjnego w stosunku do rozwiniętych państw Unii Europejskiej.
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