The article is a review of the national literature devoted to the issue of cultural security in determining the scope of meaning of the term. Cultural security is rarely the subject of research in the studies of national security. However, the contemporary threats justify dealing with this problem. Discussing the term cultural security, the author emphasizes the value of semantic concepts such as "culture", "cultural identity" and recognizes the impact of the so-called. Copenhagen School (Barry Buzan) in the formulation of the modern understanding of cultural safety.
1. Objective The objective of the article is to prove that names and surnames are connected with cultural identity and cultural security by demonstrating that both the motives for granting and the possibility of changing them are related with broadly understood culture and cultural identity, determined by customs, habits, tradition, common history and objectives, religion or language. Additionally, the aim of this article is to demonstrate that such a relationship may gradually loosen as a result of increasing globalisation and migration of population. 2. Introduction Cultural security is determined by numerous cultural phenomena and is linked with cultural identity. It should be assumed that cultural security occurs on at least three subjective planes (individual, microgroup and macrogroup) and two objective planes (national and social). It should also be assumed that the relationship between names and surnames, cultural identity and cultural security is visible both on the subjective plane (individual, microgroup and macrogroup) and the objective one (social), for the existence of which notions such as nation, language, traditions, customs and habits, religion, are also of great significance. 3. Methodology The author considers the issue of names and surnames from the aspect of cultural security, following views on such topics and, in this respect, makes use of the intuitive method. It is also necessary to analyse individual legal acts relating to the giving of names and the changing of names or surnames, and to this end the author uses the formal and legal method. The historic method, thanks to which one may see how the views on names and surnames and corresponding regulations have changed, is also partly useful. All conclusions are based to a great extent on the author’s own research conducted for the years 2012–2015, which in turn is connected with the use of both the survey method and the interview method, as well as the statistical method. The surveys conducted concern the motives for naming children by parents, and the interviews were carried out in 84 registry offices in Poland (in the largest cities in Poland, according to the number of population). 4. Conclusions The author proves that names and surnames demonstrate a strong relationship with broadly understood culture and cultural identity, determined by customs, habits, tradition, common objectives, history, religion and language, and an affiliation with cultural security. At the same time, increasing globalisation and migration of population will loosen this relationship, which may currently be observed in countries of Western Europe, where the influence of Islam has a significant impact on the culture and cultural identity of individual nations.
The article is an attempt to answer the question about the importance of populism in contemporary reflection on security in its broadest sense. The author of these analyses tries to find the reasons for the growing populist trend, which occurs not only in the political dimension, but permeates almost all social life. In the context of such a goal, the connection between populism and ideology and nihilism is shown. As a consequence of the methodological principles adopted, two types of populism were distinguished: ideological and nihilistic. Ideological populism is characterized by a high degree of indeterminacy and makes far-reaching simplifications and generalisations. In this perspective, the enemies of the people are both newcomers, strangers, immigrants, as well as sexual, ethnic and other minorities.Nihilist populism is more depressing. It is based on the recognition of fragmentation as a basic indicator of values. The individual, detached from the wider background, is in a way the programme of populism understood in this way. A simple consequence of nihilistic populism is the uprooting of the individual, which results in consumerist attitudes. In this sense, one can say that nihilistic populism is aimed at justifying consumptionism, i.e. it provides an ideological foundation for the carefree use of material goods.
The cultural security of Poland is a multifaceted state inscribed in widely understood national security and security of social unit. It is also a state, which should be considered from material and non-material perspective based on components of culture, shaping cultural peculiarities of nation and guiding its development directions. The analysis of factors related to the cultural security of Poland allows to perceive this state not only from the perspective of historically shaped, relatively constant components of culture, but also from the perspective of threats occurring in endogenous and exogenous environment. It is primarily concerned with cultural change, particularly modifying value systems, and national identity of Poles, which is extremely difficult and unmeasurable subject of research.
1. Objective The objective of the article is to present the need to take action for the benefit of cultural security in view of its contemporary threats. The values cherished within the framework of cultural heritage are handed down from generation to generation and in this respect it is necessary to act ceaselessly for the benefit of cultural security, which is aimed not only at the protection of existing cultural achievements, but also at facilitating its constant development. 2. Introduction Cultural security has a significant influence on the security as a value and it is linked to continuous human development, which manifests itself, for instance, in development of culture. It has its roots in cultural threats, which have been present for thousands of years and which result from armed invasions, colonial conquests, meetings of cultures and mass migrations of population. Cultural security can be examined from two perspectives: the first one (national) is closely related to military, economic, ecological and political security, and the other one (social) appears as a group of elements expressing threat for the nation or its part, ethnic group, language, cultural achievements in material terms, and in terms of tradition and customs. 3. Methodology The author defines cultural security and identifies its threats, including, in particular, multiculturalism and related globalisation, migrations (especially from the east to the west) and refugeeism, economic diversification of societies, climate changes as well as pillage, theft and illegal trading in cultural goods. When describing each of the identified threats, the author not only presents the protective action taken (both preventive and consequent), but also tries to search for new methods of protection, emphasising the need for broad cooperation between national authorities, local government and non-governmental organisations. 4. Conclusions The author proves that cultural heritage and cultural security are both exposed to many threats, including, in particular, globalisation and demographic relations. To recapitulate, the author emphasises that action must be taken both by countries and government organisations to protect cultural heritage and cultural security, and that it is essential to actively support in this respect international activity (particularly the activity under the auspices of the United Nations) and non-governmental organisations.
The article focuses on already existing business relations between Polish and Middle Eastern markets. It describes economic relations both levels – international, led by governments and led by private business entities and non-national companies. Major part of the article is the analysis of the potential influence of cultural factors on economic exchange and cooperation with Middle East. Article describes also issue of the image of Poland and Pole (seen as brands), and provides to the both sides of cultural and economical exchange possible solutions, leveling out the influence of culture-based misunderstandings.
The aim of this article is to analyze cultural security from the micro and meso perspective of immigrants. The paper covers following issues: cultural security in migration context, cultural citizenship, description of Polish diaspora in Reykjavik in the context of cultural activities and Icelandic support for immigrants’ cultural security. The article is based on researches carried out in Reykjavik in 2010 and in 2014 and on a desk research carried out in May 2014.
Background. The author presents the Budo Charter in the context of its position in the cultural security system, in particular its influence on personal cultural security. Budo is a system that combines numerous stlyes of widely-understood martial arts, originating from the traditions cultivated in Japan. In contrast to ancient and Mediaeval bujutsu, which comprises an array of Japanese war techniques and combat methods, budo cultivates a spiritualised, psycho-physical type of bujutsu. Problem. Budo constitutes an important element in the continuity of Japanese cultural security. As budo puts a strong emphasis on self- fulfilment and education, it is important to note that subjects of actions attaining self-fulfilment, by following the way of the warrior are not only found in Japanese socio-cultural tradition. The same phenomenon can be found in China and Korea, and the method is currently commonplace internationally, thus influencing numerous national security cultures. Methods. The problem has been analysed by triangulation from two points of view – that of security studies, pioneered in Poland by Marian Cieslarczyk, and that of the humanist theory of martial arts, developed by Wojciech J. Cynarski. Results and conclusions. Modern budo instils a concrete, utilitarian value in a broad audience across the globe. After all, cultural security only has purpose when it does not exclusively serve the state. It becomes more of an art of life that a martial art, without eschewing its old capabilities, enabling its practitioners to attain a sense of security which is important for them as subjects of security.
The article identifies two approaches to the subject of cultural security: “national cultural security,” based on the assumptions of national security, and “individual cultural security,” the foundation of which is the concept of human security. It also analyses them in terms of different views on the relationship between individual and group identities, the dominant culture and minority cultures, as well as international relations. In addition, the article presents the main issues resulting from the adoption of each paradigm of cultural security.
Local governments play an important role in creating cultural security, both by protecting monuments, as well as by building and developing local identity. Local government should involve the local community in its activities, because only cooperation between local authorities and residents creates appropriate conditions for the development of local identity.
The article is devoted to Aleksandr G. Dugin’s concept of the cultural security of Russia. This concept is closely linked to Dugin’s anti-Occidentalism and Eurasianism, in which he sees the guarantee of the independent and free from foreign influences development of Russia. Firstly, as an introduction, the main elements of Dugin’s Eurasian project are outlined. Secondly, an attempt is undertaken to define the cultural security of Russia. Thirdly, Dugin’s anti-Occidentalism is presented as a way to ensure the cultural security. Finally, the evaluation of Dugin’s understanding of Russia’s cultural security is proposed.
The work presents the functioning of “houses of culture” in Poland. The author analyses his own research carried out by way of a diagnostic (questionnaire) survey. The work is located in research in the area of security studies through focusing on societal and cultural security.
The paper discusses threats to Polish culture. The author provides the classification of these threats given by Polish academics and points out that it is still a new field of study and needs even more attention. The author described in detail the threats to Polish language, national film, theater, readership and monuments. He indicates the institutions which should be responsible for the maintenance of Polish culture and the proper laws and acts that should also creatively develop Polish culture. Since 1989 there has been a steady process of degradation of Polish cultural life and efforts to prevent this have been ineffective.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy niebezpieczeństw, które zagrażają kulturze polskiej. Autor podaje ogólną klasyfi kację zagrożeń, która została wypracowana przez polskich naukowców. Zauważa, że jest to nowa dziedzina, która wymaga jeszcze wielu prac jej poświęconych. W sposób szczegółowy Autor opisał zagrożenia dla języka polskiego, rodzimego fi lmu, teatru, czytelnictwa czy zabytków. Wskazał na instytucje, które powinny dbać o zachowanie polskiej kultury, jak również na odpowiednie dokumenty (ustawy), mające nie tylko ją zachować, ale także w sposób twórczy rozwijać. Wykazał przy tym, że po 1989 r. następuje ciągły proces degradacji życia kulturalnego Polaków. Działania, które podjęto, aby temu przeciwdziałać, są mało skuteczne.
Artykuł, będący równocześnie wstępem książki, podejmuje tematykę szeroko rozumianego bezpieczeństwa kulturowego na pograniczu, które zdaje być się obszarem badawczym,a co ważniejsze przede wszystkim praktycznym, nie do końca identyfikowanym na początku drugiej dekady XXI wieku w sposób właściwy. Wychodząc bowiem z definicji kultury, jako rzeczywistości wszechogarnianej (w tym rozumieniu nic poza kulturą się nie znajduje), ogół praktyk sektorowych (zdrowie publiczne, zagrożenia terrorystyczne i inne) stanowią przejaw zespołu praktyk decydujących o kondycji kultury jako takiej. Bezpieczeństwo jest w ostatnich czasach odmieniane w każdym możliwym przypadku, osobie i liczbie, zaś początek 2020,przynoszący pandemię związaną z koronawirusem, uświadamia skalę nie tylko zagrożenia zdrowotnego, ale ukazuje przede wszystkim wpływ i związek problemu z tkanką kulturową między innymi w postaci globalnego, regionalnego i lokalnego lęku.
EN
The article, which is also the introduction to the book, deals with the subject of broadly understood cultural security on the border, which seems to be a research area, and more importantly, a practical one, not fully identified at the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century in a proper way. Starting from the definition of culture as an all-encompassing reality (in this sense there is nothing other than culture), the totality of sectoral practices (public health, terrorist threats and others) are a manifestation of a set of practices that determine the condition of culture as such. In recent times, security has changed in every possible case, person and number, and the beginning of 2020, which brings about the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, not only makes people aware of the scale of the health threat, but also shows the impact and relationship of the problem with the cultural tissue in the form of global, regional and local anxiety.
We see the Roman Catholic Church in the People’s Republic of Poland as a victim of a totalitarian and authoritarian system. This is understandable. However, as a subject of internal politics, during the system’s construction or later in periods of unrest, the Church played an important role in defusing social problems and tensions. This was something the communist authorities very much counted on. Such actions also legitimised usurpers who had no real social support. This was the case both in the first years after the end of the war, when, for example, there was the complicated problem of settling the acquired lands, and in the years of political turmoil and breakthroughs. The Church, as an institution headed by the Primate and the Episcopate, tried to calm social moods in these critical moments. This resulted from a sense of responsibility for the nation and the state, whatever it might be. In this way, he contributed to stabilising the country’s internal security in times of crisis.
Przedmiotem rozważań w artykule jest bezpieczeństwo kulturowe analizowane z perspektywy ekonomiki takiego bezpieczeństwa, a szerzej: ekonomiki kultury. Analizę oparto na danych statystycznych opublikowanych przez Eurostat, raportach tej instytucji statystycznej oraz krytycznej analizie literatury naukowej. Celem rozważań jest komparatystyczna analiza tendencji oraz zjawisk zachodzących w odniesieniu do wybranych sfer ekonomiki kultury i bezpieczeństwa kulturowego w krajach UE w latach 2011-2018. W artykule ustalono, że ukształtowane po 2011 roku, wybrane uwarunkowania ekonomiczne mogły korzystnie oddziaływać na stan bezpieczeństwa kulturowego w państwach UE. Przesądzały o tym zwłaszcza wzrost zatrudnienia w sektorze kulturalnym, promocja zrównoważonego zatrudnienia opartego na parytecie płci oraz stale zwiększająca się liczba przedsiębiorstw oferujących dostęp do dóbr i usług kulturalnych. Czynnikiem osłabiającym były z kolei dysproporcje między państwami UE w wydatkach gospodarstw domowych na kulturę.
EN
The subject of the article is cultural security analyzed from the perspective of the economics of such security, and more broadly cultural economics. The analysis is based on statistical data published by Eurostat, reports from this statistical institution, and a critical analysis of scientific literature. The considerations aim to comparatively analyze trends and phenomena occurring in relation to selected spheres of cultural economics and cultural security in EU countries in 2011-2018. The article establishes that the selected economic conditions formed after 2011 may have positively impacted the state of cultural security in EU countries. That was primarily determined by the increase in employment in the cultural sector, the promotion of sustainable employment based on gender parity, and the continually increasing number of enterprises offering access to cultural goods and services. The disparities between EU countries in household expenditure on culture were a weakening factor.
The aim of the article is to show a wide spectrum of activities in the field of culture that take place as part of the cultural policy of the European Union, which have an impact on ensuring cultural security in the region. The priority was to analyze the European Union's cultural policy and its current activities in this field, and demonstrate its impact on cultural security. The thesis has been put forward and proven that activities under the cultural policy in the EU and various initiatives implemented under this policy complement national activities in the field of culture and have an impact on cultural security. The latest sources of information on EU cultural policy have been reviewed as a method. Published, scientific thematic monographs were used, but most of all, the latest documents, action plans, programmes, strategies and initiatives prepared by the EU were analyzed.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie szerokiego spektrum działań w obszarze kultury w ramach polityki kulturalnej Unii Europejskiej, które mają wpływ na zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa kulturowego w regionie. Priorytetem było przeanalizowanie realizowanej przez Unię Europejską polityki kulturalnej i wykazanie jej wpływu na bezpieczeństwo kulturowe. Postawiono i udowodniono tezę, iż działania w zakresie polityki kulturalnej w UE oraz realizowane w obrębie tej polityki różnorodne inicjatywy uzupełniają krajowe działania dotyczące kultury i mają wpływ na bezpieczeństwo kulturowe. Dokonano w ramach przyjętej metody przeglądu najnowszych źródeł informacji odnoszących się do polityki kulturalnej UE. Skorzystano z opublikowanych, naukowych monografii tematycznych, ale przede wszystkim dokonano analizy najnowszych dokumentów, planów działań, programów, strategii i inicjatyw przygotowanych przez UE.
W związku z brakiem barier powstrzymujących przenikanie kultur w Unii Europejskiej oraz poza nią, pojawia się pytanie o zdolność państw członkowskich (ale także grup społecznych, etnicznych i jednostek) do ochrony własnej tożsamości kulturowej. Otwarcie na świat z jednej strony zagraża bezpieczeństwu kulturowemu, a z drugiej sprzyja rozwojowi kultury przez internalizację obcych wartości niesprzecznych z własną tożsamością. Problem tworzenia mechanizmów zachowujących sui generis złoty środek (o ile jest to w ogóle możliwe) między bezpieczeństwem kulturowym a kryzysem staje się także ważny z punktu widzenia bezpieczeństwa narodowego i międzynarodowego. Celem badawczym niniejszego artykułu jest udzielnie odpowiedzi na pytanie zadane w tytule. Realizacja tego celu wymaga zaprezentowania uwarunkowań, które doprowadziły do kryzysu kulturowego w Europie, oraz jego analizy przyczynowoskutkowej. Pozwoli to na sformułowanie wniosków dotyczących polityki regionalnej prowadzonej przez Unię Europejską.
EN
In connection with the lack of barriers preventing the penetration of cultures in the European Union and beyond, the question arises about the ability of Member States (but also social and ethnic groups) to protect their own cultural identity. Openness to the world threatens cultural security on the one hand, and on the other hand promotes the development of culture by internalizing foreign values not contradictory to their own identity. The problem of creating mechanisms that preserve sui generis the golden mean (if at all possible) between cultural security and the crisis is also becoming important from the point of view of national and international security. The research goal of this article is to answer the question asked in the title. Achieving this goal requires presenting the conditions that led to the cultural crisis in Europe, and its cause-and-effect analysis. This will allow the formulation of conclusions regarding regional policy pursued by the European Union.
The author pays attention to problems of the excess and the deficiency of collective memory, the latter understood as certain ideas of the past of given groups. He points to the “density of commemorating”, as well as individual, public, dominant, opposite, imposed and marginal types of memory. He introduces different interpretations and understanding of the collective memory, problems of its construction, manipulating by it, and the ideologization. He makes a clear distinction between collective memory and history, locating the first notion and the cultural sense of security within the group of the essential developmental needs of human and the culture. Cultural security is treated not only as the lack in cultivating the tradition, but also as the constant need for preventive and educational activities. He portrays examples favouring the growth of the culture of a given group, pointing to experiences omitted by the mainstream of memory, consequently generating the loss of the cultural sense of security. The author emphasizes that anxiety linked to the cultural security, connected with the loss of the recognition, is the main the cause of human tragedies, therefore cross-cultural education should perform tasks tightly linked to elimination of the hazardous process of ideologization of the nation.
PL
Autor zwraca uwagę na problem nadmiaru i niedoboru pamięci zbiorowej jako wyobrażeń o przeszłości grupy. Wskazuje na „gęstość upamiętniania”, pamięć indywidualną i publiczną, dominującą i przeciwną, narzuconą i marginalną. Przedstawia różne interpretacje i rozumienie pamięci zbiorowej, problemy jej konstruowania, manipulowanie ją i ideologizację. Odróżnia pamięć zbiorową od historii, sytuując ją oraz poczucie bezpieczeństwa kulturowego w grupie podstawowych potrzeb rozwojowych człowieka i jego kultury. Bezpieczeństwo kulturowe traktuje nie tylko jako brak zagrożeń w kultywowaniu tradycji ale także jako ustawiczną potrzebę prowadzenia działalności profilaktycznej i edukacyjnej. Ukazuje przykłady pamięci sprzyjające rozwojowi kultury grupy jak też doświadczenia i przeżycia pomijane przez główny nurt pamięci i tym samym powodujące utratę poczucia bezpieczeństwa kulturowego. Podkreśla, że lęki o bezpieczeństwo kulturowe, o utratę uznania są i były przyczyną wielu tragedii ludzkich, stąd edukacja międzykulturowa winna realizować zadania związane z niwelowaniem niebezpiecznego procesu ideologizacji narodu.
The purpose of the article is to try to draw attention to the problems of ensuring educational safety for foreign children. Difficulties lying on the side of students as well as school and teachers mean that you cannot ignore the difficulties that they face. One cannot fail to mention cultural security, which is the basis for educational security. The whole article has been divided into several main parts. The first introduces the issue of cultural and educational security. In the following part, attempts were made to highlight the areas of support for foreign students in order to discuss the situation of foreign children in Polish schools.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na kwestię gwarantowania bezpieczeństwa edukacyjnego dla cudzoziemskich dzieci. Trudności po stronie uczniów, szkolnych administracji czy nauczycieli świadczą o tym, że nie można ich zignorować. Nie można też pominąć bezpieczeństwa kulturowego, będącego podstawą bezpieczeństwa edukacyjnego. Artykuł został podzielony na kilka głównych części. Pierwsza stanowi wprowadzenie do zagadnienia bezpieczeństwa kulturowego i edukacyjnego. Kolejne części zawierają próby wyszczególnienia obszarów wsparcia dla cudzoziemskich uczniów w celu podjęcia dyskusji na temat sytuacji cudzoziemskich dzieci w polskich szkołach.
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.