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EN
The article relates to the currency options, its structure, legal framework and legal effect of this institution, it also discusses the current, ie, delivered at the creation of the article, the judicial decision of the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeal and the Regional Administrative Courts in this regard. The Author tries to present a coherent definition of currency options and the legal framework of this institution, based on a comparison of mentioned judicial decision.
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Czy warto być homo pecuniosus?

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EN
The author refers to the defi nition of homo pecuniosus set by prof. Janina Filek and analyzes the scope of it in the context of business ethics. As a practitioner, he gives several examples taken from the real life of derivatives trading with different consequences of ethical or non-ethical behaviour. The final conclusion is that not only so called financiers, but all of us are homo pecuniosus and it may be a valuable concept when treated in a long-term sense.
EN
During the last worldwide financial meltdown between 2007 and 2009 there occurred several dysfunctions of the global financial systems. The problem raised in the article focuses on the detrimental use of derivative instruments, especially in Brazil and Poland. They create a good opportunity to check whether such regulations as EMIR could prevent firms from huge losses on options settlement or even alert them from signing contracts for ‘toxic’ derivatives. In the effect, it is remarkable if such a new law can globally contribute to the stability improvement on the derivative market. The aim of this article is to discuss the genesis of toxic derivatives and to analyse their mechanism in detail. Moreover, the article provides examples of the application of toxic derivatives, based on the data from Poland and Brazil. For this reason, a case study analysis concentrating on firms implementing such structures is applied. The article analyses the problem of the harmful use of derivative instruments both from a micro and from a macro perspective. It draws up conclusions which are important not only for small economic entities but also for larger companies and countries.
EN
Measures of volatility implied in option prices can provide important insight into market participants’ perception about the future price movement of the underlying asset. The aim of the paper is to show the application of foreign-exchange options’ 25-delta risk reversals to evaluate skewness of market expectations on future changes in currency value. It has been shown that different events, such as the United States subprime mortgage crisis, the collapse of Lehman Brothers, the 2015 Pacific typhoon or the 2016 Brexit referendum, highly affected market view about the balance of risk between a large appreciation and a large depreciation of the currency. In the analysed period, the market quotes on risk reversals were substantially changing.
PL
Mierniki oparte na zmienności implikowanej opcji są źródłem informacji na temat nastrojów uczestników rynku czy też zmian w ich postrzeganiu ryzyka. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zastosowania zmienności implikowanej strategii 25-delta risk reversal dla opcji na kurs walutowy w ocenie oczekiwań uczestników rynku odnośnie do kształtowania się przeszłej wartości waluty. Pokazano, jak różne wydarzenia (takie jak kryzys na rynku kredytów hipotecznych subprime w USA, upadek banku Lehman Brothers, potężny tajfun na Pacyfiku, referendum w sprawie wyjścia Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej) wpłynęły na oczekiwania rynku odnośnie do kształtowania się kursów walutowych w przyszłości. Co ciekawe, w analizowanym okresie poziom zmienności implikowanej 25-delta risk reversal ulegał gwałtownym zmianom.
EN
The article discusses methods of reducing exchange rate risk in the business activity of enterprises used currently and during the last twenty years. Advantages and disadvantages of individual derivative instruments are described. Particular attention is paid to so-called currency options, some of which between 2007 and 2009 turned out to be unfavourable for entrepreneurs. They led many enterprises to bankruptcy or caused substantial financial losses. Due to unfavourable currency options the whole Polish economy incurred losses. It is estimated that the losses might have reached 160 billion PLN. Banks operating on the Polish market, whose mother companies are seated abroad, are predominantly blamed for that situation. Those banks accuse also Polish entrepreneurs, who did not understand fully the sense of those options but wrote them exposing themselves to real substantial losses. The development of the currency option market was also negatively affected by the late implementation of the MiFID directive.
PL
W artykule omówiono stosowane obecnie i na przestrzeni ostatnich dwudziestu lat sposoby zmniejszenia ryzyka kursowego walut w działalności gospodarczej przedsiębiorstw. Wskazano na zalety i wady poszczególnych instrumentów pochodnych. Szczególnie dużo uwagi poświecono tzw. opcjom walutowym, z których niektóre w latach 2007-2009 okazały się niekorzystne dla przedsiębiorców. Doprowadziły one wiele przedsiębiorstw do upadku lub spowodowały wśród nich wielkie straty finansowe. Z powodu niekorzystnych opcji walutowych straty poniosła cała polska gospodarka. Szacuje się, że mogły one wynieść nawet 160 mld zł. Jako głównego winnego w tym działaniu upatruje się banki działające na rynku polskim, których spółki matki są za granicami Polski. Oskarżenia jednak kierowane są również przez te banki pod adresem przedsiębiorców polskich, którzy nie rozumiejąc w pełni sensu tych opcji wystawiali je, narażając się na realne wielkie straty. Negatywny wpływ na rozwój rynku opcji walutowych miało też spóźnione wdrożenie zasad MiFID-u.
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