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EN
Issues related to women’s history and feminism occupied a central place in Maria Bogucka’s research. It is not without significance that her work in this area corresponds to the dynamic development of research on the history of women in Western Europe and the United States. Women, often overlooked in historical research, represented important heroines not only as queens or saints, but also as characters whose group portrait was essentially worth recreating. Maria Bogucka looked to address women’s (and feminist) issues in biographies, monographs, articles and essays. To this end, she introduced the findings of foreign researchers into Polish historiography, and emphasised the specificity of the situation of women in Poland over the centuries.
EN
The working paper aims to diagnose Brexit’s impact on the taxation of Polish-British commercial exchange. This research problem determined in such a way is consi dered from the point of view of the possible legislative consequences as well as the application of provisions regulating the structural elements of border taxes. The author formulated the thesis that the exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union will be an event that will significantly affect the changes in tax and customs qualification of the exchange of goods between Poland and that country.
EN
In the past, harvest festival was a distinctive custom in the life of rural communities. Its visual attractiveness and the social context of its organization meant that since the eighteenth century it was exploited as a representative element of rural culture on diverse public occasions. From the late nineteenth century onwards, harvest festival underwent several transformations, and harvest festivals in the Central European village were increasingly organized by the local government or by civic associations and were thus no longer strictly tied to a particular farmstead. While in some places local forms of harvest festival remained safeguarded even after the social changes of 1948, the mid-twentieth century also witnessed the beginning of harvest festivals organized by the political regime. It was mainly national harvest festivals in the 1970s that were large in scale, besides district and regional harvest festivals. Their organizers maintained some elements that linked these festivals to the traditional form of the feast (the harvest wreath, thanksgiving speeches by agricultural workers, the involvement of people dressed in folk costumes). The schedule of events included at such festivals, however, was subject to the ideological needs of state socialism, and harvest festival became an instrument to celebrate the successes of socialist agriculture (and the related processing industries). It was mainly the entertainment events that displayed the loosening of ties to agriculture, whereby harvest festivals became largely based on mass forms of popular culture and consumption. Agricultural workers thus became participants in a grand theatre performance with ideological outlines, and for playing a role in this spectacle they received cultural and material rewards.
EN
The present text describes the attitude toward sources of law in the recent works of the International Law Commission (ILC) on custom, general principles of law, and jus cogens (with special emphasis on reports of the respective special rapporteurs). The three main tasks of the text are to verify whether the ILC rapporteurs: grasped the essence of unwritten sources (reality-concern); preserved the coherence of views when referring to different topics (coherence-concern); and last but not least allow states to have the decisive voice as regards theset of their obligations (sovereignty-concern). The author notes the nominal strict attachment of the ILC to two-element nature of custom as a general practice recognized as law. Thoughin fact it should be a good message for states, this strict attitude of the ILC seems not to be based on a real stress test. It seems to ignore the reality of lawyers and even international judges referring to several customary norms without the slightest attempt to verify the true existence of both the two elements of custom – namely practice and opinio juris. What is more, the ILC does not see any problem with calling all general principles as sources of law. What is overlooked is the element of state consent to be bound by several presumed general principles. This is qualifed by the author as a threat to state sovereignty – with states being pressured to follow some patterns of conduct to which they have not given their consent.
EN
The article discusses the use of the category of ‘everyday life’ in historical works by Maria Bogucka as well as her theoretical contributions on the subject. Her pioneering role in adapting the mode of popular writing advanced by the French cycle Histoire de la vie quotidienne to Polish historiography in the 1960s established a high-quality standard on Polish scholars by combining original research into economic and social history with references to the history of material culture and mentalities. A quarter of a century after the publication of her exemplary study entitled Życie codzienne w Gdańsku: wiek XVI–XVII [Everyday Life in Gdańsk: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 1967], Bogucka involved herself in contemporary debates within the international community of historians over the German Alltagsgeschichte, perceiving it as a methodological framework for innovative research and an opportunity to expand the theoretical side of cultural history. Though she would not produce another ‘history of everyday life’ – in a refreshed perspective and with more robust theoretical foundations – her studies into old Polish customs betray an inspiration with the German research current of Alltagsgeschichte, which blossomed in the early 1990s.
EN
The principles in the study of the triad: the language – custom – community Studies of the triad language – custom – community is a synthesis of two parallel research traditions: research centre of Łódź, which is known from studies of the custom – language relationship and research centre o Zielona Góra, famous from its studies on the communitylangugae relationship. In these studies, the starting point for all kinds of considerations are questions about language and the way it is used. Therefore, language is considered as a social tool, cultural storage, a certificate of civilizational changes, track of time and space. Custom and community, however, indicate the attitude of research and define the order of the auxiliary sciences within such language studies. It is very important to remember that one should speak about the custom both in community and individual sense every time when there is a repetition or imitation of the behavior and actions caused by identical communicative needs. That repetition and imitation manifests on all planes or layers of texts: from word formation, the phraseology and syntax, to the genre; it also addresses the functional behavior, fashions and stylistic treatments.
EN
The extent of evangelisation of popular religiosity has been astonishing in its effectiveness for centuries. Folk customs entered into the church ceremonial through centuries also became elements of identity of individual societies. The long process of the existence of episcopal power in Warmia (1243 - 1772) meant that local folk ceremonial was able to preserve numerous customs over a long period of time in later times. For researchers of this problem, signs collected until the middle of the 20th century form an interesting basis for describing as well as analysing the power of folk religiosity.
EN
W opracowaniu analizie poddano, niezwykle ważną w polskiej teorii prawa, rozwiniętą koncepcję źródeł prawa autorstwa Zygmunta Ziembińskiego. Jej cechą jest odejście od wyłączności traktowania przepisów prawnych jako źródła prawa. Wprawdzie kompetencje ustawodawcze odgrywają w niej podstawową rolę, ale o przynależności danej normy do systemu decydują także inne czynniki. Najbardziej charakterystyczne w tym kontekście jest włączenie, obok reguł egzegezy (interpretacyjnych, inferencyjnych i kolizyjnych), trzech innych omawianych w tym artykule czynników: uzasadnienia politycznego (legitymizującego system prawny jako całość), zwyczaju (norm społecznych wprowadzanych do systemu prawa przez decyzje sądowe) oraz precedensu (potwierdzającego normę pozaprawną lub tworzącego normę prawną po akceptacji.
PL
The study analyses the ‘developed concept of sources of law’ created by Zygmunt Ziembiński in the second half of the 1960s, which was extremely important in Polish legal theory. Its main feature is a departure from the exclusivity of treating legal regulations as a source of law. While legislative competence plays a primary role in the conception, the inclusion of a norm in the system of law is also determined by other factors. The most characteristic in this context is the presence, in addition to the rules of exegesis (interpretative, inferential and conflict-solving), of three other factors discussed in this paper: political justification (legitimizing the legal system as a whole), customs (social norms introduced into the legal system by judicial decisions) and precedent (confirming an extra-legal norm or creating a legal norm after the acceptance of such an act by legal doctrine). This is why the concept not only breaks the positivist theoretical-legal paradigm, but also creates a realistic picture of the sources used in the decision-making processes of applying the law.
9
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David Hume: Unwitting Cosmopolitan?

75%
EN
If Hume is considered cosmopolitan in his ethics at all, he is said to be so through his anti-mercantilist approach to commerce. Prevailing commercial interpretations attribute to Hume a cosmopolitanism that is best described as instrumental and supervenient. I argue that Hume’s principles lead to a cosmopolitan ethic that is more demanding than commercial interpretations recognize. Hume’s cosmopolitanism is more than merely supervenient and its instrumentality is such that cosmopolitan regard becomes inseparable from healthy patriotic concern. I show sympathy and duty, not merely justice, central to Hume’s cosmopolitanism and address how Hume’s moderate cosmopolitanism might be enacted in society. I suggest Hume’s view can contribute to contemporary cosmopolitan discourse, aiding both those forms with which it is consonant and the practical ends of otherwise opposed, Kantian forms.
EN
This study is concerned with the conception of the soul and its relation to the world in Hegel’s Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences. The mediator between soul and world is the phenomenon of custom, which serves to illustrate Hegel’s divergence from “subjective idealism”. While custom at the subjective and objective levels is considered, not only by Kant and Fichte but also by enlightenment philosophers in general, as a reduction of spontaneity, Hegel shows that custom is in fact of fundamental importance for the human self and its freedom. Freedom is not, according to this view, pure spontaneity, but is referred to the given, or in Hegel’s words, to substantiality. It is precisely custom which constitutes a certain substantiality in the midst of subjectivity, providing support to the subject so that it may be present to the world and not reduced by it to the sphere of unreal inwardness.
EN
The research into wedding and its diverse aspects is still topical, despite many studies and publications focused on that theme. It is a phenomenon that permanently changes, develops and adapts to various conditions. The contribution focuses on different forms of two selected wedding elements during one century. In 1942, the Slovak Matica carried out the first all-Slovakian survey within which a questionnaire was filled in the village of Veľké Rovné (north-west of Slovakia). The questionnaire served as a starting point to evaluate and compare wedding elements at the turn of the 20th century, which were supplemented with the author ́s research conducted since the 1940s. Erecting trees in bride ́s and bridegroom ́s yards is a certain regional specific feature which has survived from the oldest records to date. The questionnaire discovered an interesting fact that at the turn of the centuries the local version of one part of the wedding ceremony (making an apology to the parents) was not known within the contemporary Slovakia.
EN
The article concerns the presence of noble culture in 21st century Poland, externalized in material and non-material culture. Contemporary Polish society consciously, unconsciously or subconsciously uses the cultural heritage of its noble ancestors, especially in the field of architecture, maintenance of greenery, recipes for culinary and beverages, fashion and the system of values and original customs created by nobilities.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy obecności kultury szlacheckiej w Polsce XXI w., uzewnętrznionej w sferze kultury materialnej i niematerialnej. Współczesne społeczeństwo polskie świadomie, nieświadomie lub podświadomie korzysta z dorobku kulturalnego swych nobilitowanych przodków, zwłaszcza w dziedzinie architektury, utrzymania zieleni, receptur kulinariów i trunków, mody oraz wykreowanego przez nobilitates systemu wartości i oryginalnej obyczajowości.
EN
The article deals with the treatment of prejudices in society. Superstitions and customs play a controlling function in the society. The changes that have occurred in the evolution of societies, have changed their attitudes towards superstitions and customs. The purpose of the article is to present the relationship between superstitions and manipulation. Moreover, the author tries to analyze the human superstitious behavior and examine the changes that came about as a result of the disappearance of some superstitions, their transformation and the emergence of new ones. Seeing that the subject of superstitions is quite wide, the article presents examples and analysis of the selected superstitions from the author’s collections on the example of Ukrainian weddings.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy traktowania przesądów w społeczeństwie. Przesądy i obyczaje pełnią w nim funkcję sterującą. Przemiany, które zaszły w toku ewolucji społeczeństw, zmieniły także ich stosunek do przesądów i obyczajów. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba przedstawienia związku pomiędzy manipulacją a zabobonem, a także analiza zachowań ludzi zabobonnych oraz zbadanie zmian w zachowaniach społeczności, które zaistniały wraz z zanikiem pewnych przesądów, ich przekształceniem lub z pojawieniem się nowych. Ponieważ tematyka przesądów jest dość szeroka, w artykule zostały wykorzystane przykłady wybranych przesądów ze zbiorów własnych na przykładzie ukraińskiego wesela.
PL
Autorzy analizują możliwe konsekwencje trwającej właśnie kolejnej reformy europejskiego system ochrony praw człowieka w świetle niektórych wyroków Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka przeciwko Wielkiej Brytanii (głównie z powodu zaangażowania tego państwa w działania reformujące). Autorzy prezentują pewne wątpliwości i obawy co do kierunku i długofalowych skutków projektowanych zmian mając na uwadze główny cel i ważną cechę europejskiego systemu ochrony praw jednostki, jaką jest jego dostępność. Wybrane orzeczenia Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka i reakcja państw na nie ilustrują niektóre problemy z właściwym pojmowaniem roli Trybunału w całym europejskim systemie ochrony i w relacji do samych państw (korzystania przez nie z suwerennych uprawnień, działalności ich organów i funkcjonowania procesu decyzyjnego, poziomu ich demokracji). Autorzy nie przesądzają, czy wzmiankowane wyżej problemy wywarły istotny wpływ na kształt obecnej reformy systemu europejskiego, a zwłaszcza tych czynników które mogą prowadzić do ograniczenia dostępności systemu europejskiego, uznają jednak konieczność dyskusji na ten temat w najlepiej pojętym interesie ochrony praw jednostki.
EN
The authors examine the possible effects of the pending reform of the European human rights system in the light of some European Court’s of Human Rights (ECHR) judgments against Great Britain (much because of this country involvement in the process). The authors share some fears and doubts about the shape of this reform and it’s possible long-term effects in the perspective of the most important aim of the European system which was always it’s accessibility to the individuals. The chosen judgments and mostly country reactions to them illustrate some problems with understanding the role of ECHR in the whole European law system (seeing in the most possible broad sense) and in relation to the state itself (it’s organs functioning and decisions-making, it’s sovereignty, it’s democracy level ects.). The authors do not predestine whether those problems had any meaningful impact on the shape of the European system reform (especially this part which is a way to limit the access to the Tribunal), but they want to put this important question to the public debate due to the best human rights interest.
15
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Obyčejové právo v českém právním řádu

63%
EN
According to the prevailing view of recent Czech legal-theoretical literature (especially V. Knapp, J. Boguszak and A. Gerloch), legal custom is no longer a source of law in continental law. Based on foreign (especially German) publications (F. Gschnitzer, F. Bydlinski, B. Rüthers et al.), the paper seeks to show that customary law is still recognized as one of the sources of continental legal systems, somewhere explicitly by act (for example by civil codes of Spain or Switzerland), elsewhere by interpretation (in Germany or Austria). Attention is also paid to the (traditionally controversial) issue of case law as one of the types of customary law. Furthermore, concrete examples are presented, which can be understood as the effect of legal custom in Czech law (in the case of exclusion or narrowing of the application of legal regulation, extension of its application or reduction of its hardness). They are elected not only from the field of private law, but also from public law (including financial, administrative or criminal law).
CS
Podle převažujícího přístupu české právněteoretické literatury (zvláště V. Knappa, J. Boguszaka a A. Gerlocha) není právní obyčej pramenem kontinentálního práva. Na základě zahraničních (zejména německojazyčných) publikací (mj. F. Gschnitzera, F. Bydlinského, B. Rütherse) se článek snaží ukázat, že obyčejové právo stále bývá uznáváno za jeden z pramenů kontinentálních právních řádů, někde výslovně právními předpisy (např. občanskými zákoníky Španělska či Švýcarska), jinde výkladem (v Německu či Rakousku). Pozornost je věnována také (tradičně sporné) problematice ustálené judikatury jako jednoho z druhů obyčejového práva. Dále jsou představeny konkrétní příklady, které je podle názoru autora možné chápat jako působení právního obyčeje v českém právu (v případě vyloučení či zúžení aplikace právní úpravy, rozšíření její aplikace či zmírnění tvrdosti). Tyto příklady jsou voleny nejen z oblasti práva soukromého, ale také veřejného(včetně práva finančního, správního či trestního).
EN
In this article author suggests new possibilities in studying modern festivities based on thorough review of existing literature. His goal is to review and confront three disciplinary discourses that conceptualized social practices related to festive cultures. First, theories of ritual in social and cultural anthropology are analysed and assessed in relation to modern festivities. Second, the concepts of custom and habit used in the European ethnology, especially Central European tradition of Volkskunde (including Czech národopis), are presented and considered for research of modern festivities. Third, historical discourse about modern festivities is presented and theoretical challenges related to the historical perspective are introduced. On these grounds author proposes a conceptual framework based on performance studies that both reflects advantages of former three disciplinary discourses and overcomes their disadvantages. Finally, a set of new and innovative research questions is suggested.
PL
Na wstępie podjęte zostaną rozważania nad związkiem pedagogiki społecznej z etnografią. Następnie omówiona zostanie problematyka kodów zawartych w kulturze. Kobiety w społeczeństwie Arabii Saudyjskiej poruszają się w obrębie ściśle wytyczonych zasad i ról. Ich zachowania, tożsamość, czy styl życia zamknięte zostały w kodach kulturowych, które trudne są do zrozumienia i odszyfrowania dla przedstawicieli kultury zachodniej. Wszelkie przejawy indywidualizmu i wychodzenia poza przyjęte obyczaje są piętnowane przez rodzinę i społeczeństwo, a nawet państwo, dzięki istniejącym kodom punitywnym, czyli restrykcjom obyczajowym, silnej kontroli społecznej i sankcjom prawnym. Większość kodów kulturowych jest w znacznym stopniu związana z tradycją regionu, a także z religią, która wpływa na wszystkie przestrzenie życia społecznego. Można powiedzieć, że są one odporne na zmiany czasu, dostępne technologie i postęp naukowy. W rozważaniach tych przestawione zostaną wybrane kody kulturowe dotyczące życia Saudyjek, w oparciu o 2 letnie antrolpologiczne badania terenowe i etnograficzny dziennik wywiadów i obserwacji.
EN
Initially, the connection between social pedagogy and ethnography will be discussed. This will be followed by the subject of cultural codes and the culture itself. Women in Saudi Arabia live within strictly defined rules and roles. Their behaviour, identity and life style are framed by cultural codes, difficult to understand and decipher for Westerners. Any display of individuality or an attempt to overcome existing customs, is suppressed by family, society and even the state, through enforced punitive codes demonstrated by moral restrictions, a strong social control and legal sanctions. All cultural codes are based on regional traditions and religion and these influence all areas of social life. They appear to be resistant to change regardless of technological innovations or scientific progress. The discourse concentrates on a few chosen cultural codes that reflect the life style of Saudi females and is based on 2 years of anthropological field research, observations and interviews collected in an ethnographic diary.
PL
Sylwa szlachecka jest jednym z najsilniej reprezentowanych typów tekstu w Rzeczypospolitej Szlacheckiej od XVI do XIX wieku. Jest także wyraźnie związana z dominującą w tym okresie szlachecką wspólnotą komunikatywną, stając się odzwierciedleniem sarmackich obyczajów. Samo pisanie sylw jawi się jako powszechny zwyczaj językowy, w swym tworzywie i treści ujawniając kolejne ślady obyczajów. Z punktu widzenia genologii lingwistycznej, sylwa jawi się jako kategoria kulturowa, ujmowana w wymiarze formotwórczym, poznawczym, komunikacyjnym, stylistycznym i historycznym. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę omówienia jednego z aspektów – sylwy jako kategorii komunikacyjnej. Bogactwo gatunków, ich hybrydyczność, typowość dla różnych kategorii ponadgatunkowych odzwierciedla gusta i potrzeby szlachty, dając wyraz mentalności sarmackiej czasów saskich.
EN
Nobles’ silva is one of the most strongly represented types of text in the Nobles’ Republic from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. It is also clearly linked to the dominant in this period noble communicative community, becoming a reflection of the Sarmatian customs. Writing the silva itself appears to be a common linguistic usage, revealing further traces of customs in its material and content. From the point of view of linguistic genology, silva is seen as a cultural category, recognized in the creating, cognitive, communicative, stylistic and historical dimensions. This article attempts to discuss one aspect – silva as a category of communication. The richness of genres, their hybridity, typicality for different categories reflects the tastes and needs of the nobility, expressing the Sarmatian mentality of Saxon times.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba wykazania, że przyczyną kryzysu inkluzywnego rozwoju społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w Polsce jest to, że w ramach tych samych przepisów mogą zapadać odmienne decyzje przesądzające o nierówności wobec prawa i prowadzące do naruszenia standardów i praw człowieka, utrudnienia udziału w życiu społecznym, gospodarczym. W naukach prawnych niemal nie podejmuje się problematyki wypracowania kryteriów rozstrzygania wątpliwości dotyczących treści prawa, a nie są one przedmiotem regulacji prawnej i mogą powstać jako prawo tylko spontanicznie. W odniesieniu do spontanicznego powstawania prawa praktycznie nie są realizowane badania naukowe, co utrudnia ustalenie, jakie dokładnie obowiązują reguły, zasady, wskazówki wykładni i stosowania prawa. Nie są więc w ten sposób gwarantowane podstawowe warunki rozwoju inkluzywnego. Wyjaśnienie tego problemu jest swoistą nowością z punktu widzenia przyczyn kryzysu danego rozwoju i przyczyn kryzysu systemu prawnego. W artykule wykorzystano metodę analizy lingwistycznej i ekonomicznej analizy prawa.
EN
This article is trying to show that the cause of the crisis of inclusive development of civil society in Poland is that there are different decisions being rendered based on the same regulations, which prejudge inequality before the law, lead to violation of human rights and standards, and impede participation in social and economic life. In legal sciences, the issue of elaborating criteria for resolving doubts about the content of the law is almost never undertaken, and they are not subject to legal regulation and can only be established spontaneously as a law. With regard to the spontaneous creation of law, scientific research is practically not carried out, which makes it difficult to determine exactly what rules, principles, guidelines for interpretation and application of law apply. Because of the foregoing, the basic conditions for inclusive development are not guaranteed. The explanation of this problem is a novelty from the point of view of the causes of the crisis of a given development and causes of the crisis of the legal system. The article uses the method of linguistic analysis and economic analysis of law.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor porusza problematykę zwyczajów w prawie kanonicznym oraz prawie polskim. We wstępie przedstawiono ogólne cechy zwyczajów i ich znaczenie we współczesnych systemach prawnych. Kolejna część artykułu traktuje o zwyczajach prawnych występujących na gruncie prawa kanonicznego, a także dokonuje interpretacji kan. 23-28 Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego, kluczowych do omówienia tej problematyki. W następnej kolejności autor charakteryzuje zwyczaje w systemie prawa polskiego oraz analizuje obowiązujące przepisy prawa cywilnego pod kątem prawa zwyczajowego.
EN
In this article, the author presents the issue of legal practices in the canonical legal system and in Polish law. In the introduction, was presented the general characteristics of the legal traditions and their importance in contemporary legal systems. In the next section the author is analysing customs in the canonical law as well as is making interpretation can. 23-28 of Code of Canon Law of customs resolving issues. A next part of the article is a characterization of customs in the system of the Polish law and analysis of applicable regulations of the civil law under the angle of the customary law.
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