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NIEWERBALNE SPOSOBY NARUSZENIA CZCI W PRAWIE RZYMSKIM

100%
Nowicka D.
Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2016
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vol. 16
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issue 1
5-26
PL
Non-verbal Acts Damaging Reputation in Roman LawSummaryThe aim of this article is to present the non-verbal types of conductwhich damaged another person’s reputation under Roman Law.The author examines only those types of offensive conduct which didnot involve physical assault on an individual’s bodily integrity.The article analyses abusive conduct subject to the edictum de adtemptata pudicitia, the first regulation on this matter; and secondly conductpenalised under the edictum ne quid infamandi causa fiat. The latteredict marked the peak in the legislation providing protection against allkinds of vilifying behaviour. The latter edict is discussed on the basis ofpassages from Ulpian with examples of its application.
2
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RZYMSKIE UREGULOWANIA DOTYCZĄCE ‘INIURIA’ A KARNOPRAWNA OCHRONA CZCI W PRAWIE POLSKIM

86%
Nowicka D.
Zeszyty Prawnicze
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2014
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vol. 14
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issue 1
133-158
PL
ROMAN REGULATIONS CONCERNING ‘INIURIA’ AND PROTECTION OF HONOUR AND REPUTATION IN POLISH CRIMINAL LAW Summary The aim of this article is to compare and contrast Roman and Polish criminal regulations concerning protection of an individual’s honour and reputation in two different areas: objects of legal protection, and forms of conduct liable to prosecution and providing grounds for legal action. Considerable differences may be observed between these two legal systems on both counts. While in Roman law any and every defamatory act, regardless of its form, gave rise to iniuria, Polish penal law divides non-physical acts against honour and reputation into two separate categories: pomówienie (defamation and/or slander), and zniewaga (insult). This distinction is based on the criterion of the object of legal protection: pomówienie is an attack on an individual’s reputation, while zniewaga is an attack on his dignity. The types of punishable conduct are different as well; as regards pomówienie only verbalised attacks are liable to prosecution as offences against reputation. Analysis of this matter leads to the conclusion that the distinction made in Polish criminal law for offences against honour and reputation into two different categories in consequence of the recognition of two separate objects of protection against non-physical attacks may not be the best solution.
3

Waging Wars with Words – Libel and Slander in the Polish Statutory Law and English Common Law

86%
Strębska K.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
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2014
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vol. 38
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issue 1
197-213
EN
This paper aims to investigate the differences between the concepts of libel and slander as understood by the Polish statutory and English common law. As it turns out, the above terms are not only divergent with regard to language (varying linguistic contexts) but also with regard to corresponding acts in the real world. Western cultures cherish such values as dignity, honour and self-fulfillment as the underlying rights of a citizen in democratic countries. The above terms are being constantly referred to in international treaties and conventions but the question which should be asked is whether they receive due attention in legal practice. As regards interpretation, not only in theory (which is rather scarce, especially in common law), but also in practice (the court verdicts in cases dealing with libel and slander) the important issue is not how the defamatory statement makes the person referred to feel, but the impression it is likely to make on those reading it (McBride, Bagshaw, 2008 in: Quinn, 2007:209). The subsequent analysis of particular cases in the practical part supports the above claim. Although it is reiterated by the Polish legal academics that civil regulations are not sufficient to guarantee legal protection of dignity, there is an equal or even greater amount of supporters of the broadly conceived “freedom of speech”. The discussion might be summarized as involving the proponents of liberal and democratic policies on the one hand, and those who wish to avoid complete decriminalization of libel and slander and deem them necessary components of balance in a democratic state
4
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Gatunek dziennikarski a cywilnoprawna odpowiedzialność dziennikarza za naruszenie czci

72%
Łoszewska-Ołowska M., Szylko-Kwas J.
Studia Medioznawcze
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2013
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issue 3 (54)
39-57
EN
Journalistic responsibility for words is one of the most important issues concerning the functioning of modern media. It gains a significant meaning in the context of responsibility for infringing one’s reputation, which happens as a result of formulating accusations in press material. It remains unresolved if a media genre chosen by a journalist increases the risk of violating the reputation. From the analyzed statements it seems there is no confirmation in jurisdiction that genre is one of the criteria taken directly into account when judging infringement. However, there are such genres which somehow “impose” greater care in terms of verifying facts, an example of which is the reportage. Other genres, for which opinion and judgment are more constitutive and characteristic, have a greater risk of violating the reputation. It requires mentioning that the satire convention, present in jurisdiction, as a judgmental genre and infringing reputation, can be an argument for removing the unlawfulness of the infringement.
PL
Odpowiedzialności dziennikarza za słowo to jedno z istotniejszych zagadnień dotyczących funkcjonowania współczesnych mediów. Nabiera ono szczególnego znaczenia w kontekście odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dobrego imienia, do czego dochodzi na skutek formułowania krytycznych zarzutów w treści materiału prasowego. Nierozstrzygnięta jak dotąd pozostaje kwestia, czy wybrany przez dziennikarza gatunek wypowiedzi medialnej zwiększa ryzyko naruszenia dobrego imienia. Z analizowanych orzeczeń wynika, że w orzecznictwie brak potwierdzenia, że gatunek jest jednym z kryteriów branych wprost pod uwagę przy ocenie naruszenia czci. Niemniej istnieją takie gatunki, które niejako „wymuszają” większą staranność w zakresie weryfikacji faktów, czego przykładem jest reportaż. Istnieją także gatunki, dla których opinia i ocena jest bardziej konstytutywna i charakterystyczna, co zwiększa ryzyko naruszenia dobrego imienia. Na wyraźne zaznaczenie zasługuje fakt, że dostrzegana w orzecznictwie konwencja satyryczna przy gatunkach oceniających i naruszeniu dobrego imienia może stanowić argument o wyłączeniu bezprawności naruszenia.
5
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Czy chłop miał honor? Zastosowanie kategorii honoru w badaniach nad społeczeństwem nowożytnym

72%
Korczak-Siedlecka J.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2018
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vol. 125
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issue 3
PL
Artykuł szuka odpowiedzi na pytania o znaczenie honoru i możliwe sposoby jego interpretacji, a także o przydatność tej kategorii w badaniach historycznych. Refleksje teoretyczne zostały uzupełnione analizą wiejskich ksiąg sądowych z terenu Mierzei Wiślanej z przełomu XVI/XVII w., dowodzącą kluczowej roli honoru w ówczesnych społecznościach chłopskich. The article seeks to answer the questions about the meaning of honour and its possible interpretations, together with that about the usefulness of this category in historical studies. The theoretical reflections are reinforced with an analysis of village court registers from the area of the Vistula Spit at the turn of the seventeenth century which proves the key role of honour within contemporary peasant communities.
6
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The Worship of Divine Mercy in Light of the Teaching of Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis

61%
Lancton T.
Roczniki Teologiczne
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2020
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vol. 67
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issue 2
57-76
EN
The two most recent Popes – Benedict XVI and Francis – have continued John Paul II’s emphasis on Divine Mercy. Each provides a particular emphasis, which results in a different manner of worshipping Divine Mercy. While each emphasize the entirety of salvation history as revealing Divine Mercy, with its climax in Jesus Christ, Pope Francis more often speaks of mercy so as to avoid a theory of mercy that is not put into practice. One such manner of implementing mercy is the addition of new mysteries of mercy to the Rosary. While this has no support from the papal magisterium of Pope Benedict, it does find support in Pope Francis’ desire to find ways for mercy to penetrate ever more into the daily attitudes and actions of Christians. Even so, care must be taken to frame such a change in the veneration of Divine Mercy within a proper theology that highlights the presence of Divine Mercy in the pre-existing mysteries, particularly that the Incarnation and the Paschal Mystery.
PL
Kult Miłosierdzia Bożego w świetle nauczania papieża Benedykta XVI i papieża Franciszka Dwaj ostatni papieże, Benedykt XVI i Franciszek, wzorem Jana Pawła II, akcentują w swoim nauczaniu Miłosierdzie Boże. Każdy z nich czyni to inaczej, a w związku z tym sposób oddawania czci Bożemu Miłosierdziu będzie u nich inny. Podczas gdy obydwaj papieże akcentują całość historii zbawienia, w której objawia się Miłosierdzie Boże, uwieńczone w osobie Jezusa Chrystusa, papież Franciszek częściej mówi o praktyce miłosierdzia i unika teoretyzowania. Jednym ze sposobów urzeczywistniania miłosierdzia jest propozycja dodania do różańca nowych tajemnic, które nie mają wsparcia w papieskim nauczaniu Benedykta XVI, ale znajdują poparcie w pragnieniu papieża Franciszka, by coraz bardziej przenikało ono do codziennych postaw i działań chrześcijan. Należy zadbać, aby wpisać taką zmianę sposobu oddawania czci Bożemu Miłosierdziu wraz z właściwym uzasadnieniem teologicznym, podkreślającym obecność Miłosierdzia Bożego w istniejących już tajemnicach różańca, zwłaszcza we Wcieleniu i Tajemnicy Paschalnej.
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