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Konserwacja czółna z Lewina Brzeskiego

100%

Babiński L.

Ochrona Zabytków

1997

issue 4

328-335

In the spring of 1991, a series of interesting archaeological discoveries, connected with inland navigation, was made in flooded industrial gravel workings. The outcome of the investigations consisted of remnants of a wooden platform and two large dugout boats. The first boat — one of the largest trough-like dugouts discovered in Poland — was transported to the Biskupin Department of the State Archaeological Museum. In 1991-1996, it was studied and subjected to conservation performed in the Wood Conservation Laboraory. The flat-bottomed and non-bulkhead dugout, 12,4 m. long and 85-100 cms. wide, was hollowed out from an oak trunk. The object was dated by means of dendrochronological methods as 372-373 AD. In the past, it was probably used as a river cargo boat. The object in question was delivered to the laboratory in four fragments. Cracks were found in many parts of the dugout and the waterlogged wood revealed gaps. The moisture content of the sap preserved on the outer surfaces of the sides totalled about 1000%. The water content of the heartwood oscillated, depending on the place of occurrence, from 175% to about 400%. Prior to conservation, fragments of the object were stored in chests filled with damp wood shavings. The conservation itself was preceded by an examination of the chemical composition of the sapwood and heartwood, as well as of selected physical properties and the dimensional stability of the heartwood, treated with PEG 400 and sucrose and subjected to two-step treatment with PEG 400 and PEG 4000. The boat was placed in in tanks made of polyester resin and glass fibre, and filled with water with the addition of Dodigen 226 (quaternary ammonium compound.) During the twelve month-long treatment, the water was periodically filtered, removing the mineral compounds rinsed from the wood. Subsequently, the wood was treated with PEG 400 (polyethylene glycol). Two years of treatment were completed with a 46% concentration of the solution. During the second stage of conservation, the boat was sprinkled with PEG 4000 solutions and subjected to controlled drying. Excess polyglycol, gathering on the surface of the wood, was melted with hot air and removed mechanically. Today, the dugout is displayed in the Museum of Opole Silesia in Opole.

Odkrycia nowych podwodnych stanowisk w Jeziorze Kromszewickim na Pojezierzu Kujawskim

67%

Popek M., Banasiak P., Stencel P., Kociszewska K., Nowakowski M., Krzemień M., Gliszczyński M., Staszewski K., Rudziński P. M.

Studia Lednickie

2020

vol. 19

219-243

The archaeological potential of Kromszewickie lake became a subject of interest since the discovery of a dugout boat and two ceramic vessels, one from early-modern times and the other associated with the Lusatian culture. Archaeological prospections in this lake started aft er reporting this discovery to the Province Conservator of Monuments. During regular explorations conducted along the eastern shore of the lake, historical material with a broad chronology from the end of the 12th century till the beginning of the 17th century was found. This material can be divided into two separate archaeological sites. The first one is the aggregation of ceramic artefacts, which probably flowed down from a site located right on the shore of the lake. On the basis of the analysis of the material two phases can be distinguished in this collection. The first phase encompasses late medieval materials. In this phase two horizons can be distinguished. The earlier one dated to the 13th-14th century and the later one dated to the 15th- beginning of the 16th century. The second phase, on the other hand, covers the times from the mid 16th century till the mid 17th century. On the south-east shore of the lake on a flooded cape, the relics of the wooden constructions were discovered. Both oaken piles with 10 -20 cm diameters, as well as much thinner piles made from soft wood, were documented there. Ceramic material from this place can be dated to the 2nd half of the 12th - 13th century. It is not possible to determine the function of the site on the basis of the current state of research. There is one more underwater site with a similar chronology in Długie lake in this area. The function of this site has not been determined as well. On the basis of the analysis of the available data, it can be assumed that there can be more archaeological sites in Kromszewickie lake. Moreover the absence of clear analogies proves the necessity for excavations. Locating both the construction in Kromszewickie lake and the archaeological site in Długie lake in the cultural-economic space of early feudal Kujawy should be a significant issue.

Trzecia łódź jednopienna z Ostrowa Lednickiego

51%

Radke K.

Studia Lednickie

2017

vol. 16

81-98

In the introduction, this paper refers to two previous actions aimed at extracting dugout boats from the bottom of Lake Lednica (in 1960 and 1982). The main part of the text presents the third action, carried out in 2016 by underwater archaeologists and students from the Department of Underwater Archaeology, Nicolaus Copernicus University. The paper explains the subsequent stages and procedures of investigations. All the difficulties and complications that arose from the circumstances of the deposition, the raw material from which the boat was made and the size of the object are emphasised. As shown by the 1997 study, the boat is made of wood from the lime tree. The boat is now 930 cm in length and 86 cm in width. The bow looks like a slightly oval pyramid; the stern was formed in the shape of a small overhang and could have been about 1 m longer. The dugout has three bulkheads: the first is the same height as the sides, the second one is shorter than the sides by about 6 cm and the third, formed stepwise (?), starts at the same height as the starboard and keeps this height to the crack, after which it is gradually lowered, going down about 5 cm below the port. The average thickness of the starboard is 5.5 cm, while the port is 4.5 cm thick. The thickness of the bottom at the stern break, ranges from 4 cm to 8.5 cm; in other breaks, it reaches as much as 19 cm. The dugout boat is poorly preserved. It has at least nine transverse cracks and one longitudinal crack ending at the first bulkhead. Part of the damage dated certainly back from the period of the destruction of the bridge; however, a thin layer of sediments covering the side or bulkhead wood did not protect the dugout from the anchors of modern fishing boats. The boat was dated using the C14 method (680 ± 120 BP); calibrated, this points to a very wide range of dates, between 980 and 1454. However, a stratigraphic analysis indicates that the boat fell to the bottom sometime between the period the bridge was completed (964) and the last major repair of the bridge captured by dendrochronological analyses (1023). The first stage of the action consisted in the underwater exploration of the bottom deposits with a water-type ejector. This was used for removing the sediments filling the inside of the boat and those within a belt of a small width on the outside of the sides of the dugout, so that they were clearly visible to a height of approx. 10 cm. The boat was filled with a layer consisting of a large number of strongly compacted chips, which produced a few artefacts: 11 potsherds, five bone fragments and a handle of a wooden cup that was preserved in two fragments. After the whole boat had been cleaned, underwater measurements were taken, which enabled the detailed drawing documentation of the dugout in situ. The second stage consisted in cleaning the area outside the boat with 25–30 cm wide and approx. 40 cm-deep trenches running along both sides of the boat and below them. The sides were cleaned gradually, in 2 m long-fragments, to prevent uncontrolled suction of the boat from the bottom and to reduce the possibility of accidental damage. After completing the exploration of each fragment, separated from the others with natural cracks, the released parts were slipped onto a properly prepared tin ‘trough’, surfaced using a buoyancy balloon and transported close to the shore.In the third stage of the campaign, special frames were prepared for each of the nine elements. After the individual parts had been put on the frames in water, they were brought to the surface with them, secured and transported to the Conservation Laboratory in Toruń. After completing all conservation and reconstruction procedures, the dugout boat will be made available to visitors at the Museum of Polish History in Warsaw.

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2 Studia Lednickie

1 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Babiński L.

1 Banasiak P.

1 Gliszczyński M.

1 Kociszewska K.

1 Krzemień M.

1 Nowakowski M.

1 Popek M.

1 Radke K.

1 Rudziński P. M.

1 Staszewski K.

1 Stencel P.

1 2020

1 2017

1 1997

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Konserwacja czółna z Lewina Brzeskiego

Odkrycia nowych podwodnych stanowisk w Jeziorze Kromszewickim na Pojezierzu Kujawskim

Trzecia łódź jednopienna z Ostrowa Lednickiego