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Working Time Flexibility and Its Limitations

100%
Pisarczyk Ł.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 68
293-305
EN
Originally, working time regulations were intended to increase the level of safety in the process of work. As a result, working time regulations were relatively stable and rigid. The traditional organization of working time turned out to be inadequate for circumstances in which work is performed. Over recent decades working time regulations have been profoundly flexiblized. This result has been achieved thanks to various legal instruments such as the extension of daily working time, longer reference periods for weekly working hours or more flexible schedules of working time (e.g. banks or accounts of working hours). However, the flexibilization of working time must confront with numerous limitations. First of all, they arise from fundamental rights and international standards as well as from the standards determined by the European Union. Important criteria of assessment are also European strategies such as work-life balance or life long learning. Finally the question of the paradigm of the employment relationship must be answered. The actual position of the parties thereto does not justify the significant change in the division of risk connected with employment.
2
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Codzienne sprawy w kręgu dworu Marii z Kątskich Potockiej (zm. 1768). Zarys problemu na podstawie korespondencji kierowanej do starościny lwowskiej w latach 1765-1766

100%
Kicińska U.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
|
2022
|
vol. 29
|
issue 2
162-177
EN
Maria Potocka née Kątska (1722-1768), starostess of Lviv, is an extraordinary figure. She is considered a precursor of the Polish Enlightenment, a bibliophile, and an art patroness. She inherited a huge fortune of the Kątski, Denhoff, and Szczuka families, which became the foundation of the Potocki family’s later economic power. Together with her husband, Eustachy Potocki (1720-1768), she was engaged in large-scale business and patronage activities. Still, little is known about daily life at the Potocki manor. Therefore, the article focuses on presenting her activities, especially in the areas of managing her extensive estates, raising and educating her children, and charitable activities. These factors created her everyday life.
PL
Maria z Kątskich Potocka (1722-1768), starościna lwowska, to postać nietuzinkowa. Uznawana jest za prekursorkę polskiego oświecenia, bibliofilkę oraz mecenaskę sztuki. Dziedziczka ogromnej fortuny po Kątskich, Denhoffach i Szczukach, która stała się podstawą późniejszej potęgi ekonomicznej rodu Potockich. Była żoną Eustachego Potockiego (1720-1768), wraz z którym prowadziła rozległą działalność gospodarczą i patronacką. Wciąż jednak niewiele wiadomo na temat życia codziennego na dworze Potockiej. Stąd w artykule uwaga skupiona została na zaprezentowaniu jej aktywności, głównie w sferze zarządu nad rozległymi dobrami, wychowania i wykształcenia dzieci, czy też działalności fundatorskiej. Czynniki te kreowały jej codzienność.
3
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Working Time Flexibility and Its Limitations

100%
Pisarczyk Ł.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 68
293-305
EN
Originally, working time regulations were intended to increase the level of safety in the process of work. As a result, working time regulations were relatively stable and rigid. The traditional organization of working time turned out to be inadequate for circumstances in which work is performed. Over recent decades working time regulations have been profoundly flexiblized. This result has been achieved thanks to various legal instruments such as the extension of daily working time, longer reference periods for weekly working hours or more flexible schedules of working time (e.g. banks or accounts of working hours). However, the flexibilization of working time must confront with numerous limitations. First of all, they arise from fundamental rights and international standards as well as from the standards determined by the European Union. Important criteria of assessment are also European strategies such as work-life balance or life long learning. Finally the question of the paradigm of the employment relationship must be answered. The actual position of the parties thereto does not justify the significant change in the division of risk connected with employment.
4
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Points of View and the Daily Press at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries

80%
Pietrzak P.
Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo
|
2018
|
issue 8(11) cz.1
69-84
EN
The following article concerns the issue of point of view in Polish daily newspapers at the end of the 19th century. The daily is considered here as a coherent and cogent literary work based on fictional as well as non-fictional genres and their specific layout. The author proves that what makes the press characteristic in terms of points of view is not so much the introduction of a new, individual voice but rather the introduction of a collective perspective in several variants. Literary fictional genres serve as an instrument of the counterpoint in that they provide an individual position, usually one that is opposed to what one can read in the feature sections.
5
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Why is Analogy in the Empirical Science and Everyday Life Different from Analogy in Law?

71%
Koszowski M.
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
|
2016
|
vol. 25
|
issue 2
EN
The article elucidates differences between analogy in law and the empirical science and everyday matters such as: a) the lack of possibility of verification of its conclusions on empirical grounds resulting in the necessity of its performing either heuristic and probative functions or rejecting both of them, b) being of a prescriptive nature, c) having an obligatory character, d) entailing rather no need for complex underling doctrines or theories, e) causing more serious practical consequences, f) having base points that are easily recognizable, g) serving as a means of extending authority, h) being a subject of training and education, i) receiving extraordinary attention among scholars, often combined with the real adoration – if not worship – on their part.The author is convinced that – by highlighting these differences – he will have demonstrated the uniqueness of legal analogy. However, simultaneously, he is far from contending that he knows how legal analogy really proceeds and how the judgment of similarity within it is precisely done. Instead, he assumes that if exact knowledge in these respects remains unattainable for human beings, it is all the better for legal philosophy and those who are devoted to it.
PL
W artykule zostały omówione różnice, jakie zachodzą pomiędzy rozumowaniem per analogiam w prawie oraz w naukach przyrodniczych i życiu codziennym. W efekcie w stosunku do analogii stosowanej w prawie zwrócono w nim uwagę na: a) brak możliwości empirycznej weryfikacji wniosków stawianych za jej pomocą, skutkujący bądź koniecznością zakceptowania pełnienia przez nią zarówno funkcji heurystycznej, jak i dowodowej, bądź odmówieniem jej możliwości pełnienia którejkolwiek z tych funkcji, b) względny brak potrzeby uzasadniania (wyjaśniania) takich wniosków za pomocą jakichś rozbudowanych teorii (doktryn), c) jej obligarotryjny (w sensie konieczności sięgania do niej) oraz normatywny (preskryptywny) charakter, d) poważniejsze konsekwencje, jakie wiążą się z korzystaniem z niej w praktyce, e) łatwiej identyfikowalną podstawę dla przeprowadzanych w jej zakresie porównań, f) służenie jako środek do rozciągania tego, co posiada „autorytet”, g) bycie przedmiotem profesjonalnego nauczania, h) szczególne zainteresowanie się nią ze strony ludzi nauki, połączone często z jej uwielbieniem, jeśli nie wręcz kultem.Autor przejawia nadzieję, iż przez wyszczególnienie wyżej wymienionych różnic wykazał jednocześnie unikalny charakter prawniczej analogii na tle analogii występującej w naukach empirycznych i życiu codziennym. W treści artykułu nie stawia on jednak tezy, iż wiadome jest, jak dokładnie przebiega rozumowanie z takiej analogii, tudzież w jaki sposób dochodzi do określania w jej ramach zaistnienia istotnego podobieństwa pomiędzy porównywanymi stanami (sprawami, sytuacjami). Niejako w zamian twierdzi on, iż jeśli pełna wiedza w tym zakresie pozostanie dla ludzi nieosiągalna, to tym lepiej dla filozofii prawa i tych, którzy oddają się jej uprawianiu.
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