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PL
Wdrażanie gospodarki niskoemisyjnej w Polsce wynika z potrzeby dokonania redukcji emisji gazów cieplarnianych i innych zanieczyszczeń powietrza we wszystkich obszarach gospodarki. Największe nadzieje na poprawę jakości powietrza wiąże się ze zmniejszaniem udziału węgla w wytwarzaniu energii, wprowadzaniem innowacyjnych technologii i poprawą efektywności energetycznej. W gestii władz jednostek samorządu terytorialnego jest stworzenie odpowiednich strategii działania, które służyłyby osiąganiu tych celów, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do budownictwa i transportu publicznego. Celem artykułu jest ocena stanu monitoringu środowiska w zakresie zanieczyszczeń powietrza pochodzących z tych sektorów, jak również danych statystycznych pod kątem ich przydatności do realizacji działań w zakresie gospodarki niskoemisyjnej na poziomie lokalnym.
EN
Implementation of low-emission economy in Poland stems from the need to reduce the amount greenhouse gases and other air pollutants in all areas of the economy. The highest expectations for improving air quality are associated with a reduction in the use of carbon for energy production, implementation of new technologies and enhancement of energy efficiency. It is local governments that have the responsibility for developing adequate strategies which would help achieve these goals, especially in the fields of construction and public transport. The purpose of this paper is to assess the monitoring of air pollution generated by enterprises from the above-mentioned sectors and to analyse relevant statistical data in terms of their usefulness in implementing low-emission strategy measures on a local level.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ocena dostępności do informacji statystycznej dla ośrodków lokalnych na Ukrainie (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem małych miast) oraz autorska propozycja zestawu wskaźników, których monitoringiem i upublicznieniem, w pierwszej kolejności, powinny zająć się urzędy statystyczne. W pierwszej części opracowania omówiono problem dostępności do danych statystycznych i wskazano istniejące źródła pozyskiwania informacji nt. sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej małych miast. W drugiej części zaprezentowano autorską koncepcję integracji obecnie istniejących źródeł wiedzy oraz wskazano na działania niezbędne dla poprawy dostępności do systemu informacji statystycznej, w szczególności dla decydentów odpowiadających za politykę rozwoju na szczeblu lokalnym.
EN
The main aim of the article is to evaluate the accessibility of statistical information for small towns in Ukraine and to present the authors’ concept of changes in this system. In the first part of the text the authors characterize the statistical information system in Ukraine and present available sources of statistical data about the socio-economic situation in small towns. In the second part of the article the authors presents their own concept of integration of existing data sources into one system.
PL
W opracowaniu zaprezentowano specyfikę i skalę szarej strefy w polskiej gospodarce. Przytoczono definicje szarej strefy, opisano podejście oraz motywy, a także skutki prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej w jej ramach. Zaprezentowano dane statystyczne dotyczące rozmiarów szarej strefy w Polsce, pochodzące ze źródeł statystyki publicznej oraz badań społecznych. Dokonano analizy szarej strefy z punktu widzenia zachowań przedsiębiorczych.
EN
The study presents the specificity and scale of the shadow economy in Poland. In the paper, the definitions of the shadow economy were cited, the approach and motives were described, as well as the effects of running a business within its framework. Statistical data on the size of the shadow economy in Poland from official sources (public statistics) and social research were presented. The shadow economy was analyzed from the point of view of entrepreneurial behaviour.
EN
The main subject of this article was the problem of gathering statistical data, describing the situation of persons with disabilities, living in member countries of the European Union. The first part of the article was dedicated to presenting actions, undertaken by institutions of the EU with the goal of gathering such data. In the next section, the outcomes of these actions were described, including the characteristic of the most important statistical surveys, concerning persons with disabilities, conducted in the EU. In the final part of the article, on the basis of the above-mentioned results, a comparative analysis of the situation of persons with disabilities in 27 member countries of the European Union (in selected areas) was carried out.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy kwestii gromadzenia danych statystycznych, opisujących sytuację osób z niepełnosprawnościami mieszkających w krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej. Dokonano charakterystyki działań podejmowanych przez instytucje UE na rzecz zgromadzenia takich danych. Zaprezentowano efekty tych działań w postaci charakterystyki najważniejszych unijnych badan statystycznych dotyczących osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Na podstawie wyników tych badań dokonano analizy porównawczej sytuacji osób z niepełnosprawnościami w 27 krajach UE w wybranych obszarach.
EN
This article aims at analysing the statistical data provided by the Information Office of the National Criminal Register regarding the Sex Offenders Registry. It also presents the results of the survey of prosecutors. The results of the conducted study constitute the first presentation of statistical data regarding the Sex Offenders Registry and attitudes of the representatives of Polish law enforcement towards the new means of protection against sex offenders. The analysis showed that even though the number of people entered into the Sex Offenders Registry is considerably large, the law enforcement and judiciary do not exercise their right to access the Registry. The main reason for not accessing the limited-access Registry by authorised authorities is the lack of knowledge as to how to apply for such access to the Register. This may result from unfamiliarity with the legislative acts concerning the Registry or their rough analysis.
PL
Celem artykułu była ocena danych statystycznych uzyskanych od Biura Informacyjnego Krajowego Rejestru Karnego na temat funkcjonowania Rejestru Sprawców Przestępstw na Tle Seksualnym. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych wśród prokuratorów Prokuratur Rejonowych znajdujących się na obszarze właściwości Prokuratury Okręgowej w Bydgoszczy, Gdańsku, Słupsku i Toruniu. Wyniki badania stanowią pierwszą próbę zobrazowania danych statystycznych dotyczących Rejestru Sprawców Przestępstw na Tle Seksualnym oraz poglądów przedstawicieli polskich organów ścigania w przedmiocie stosowania nowego środka ochrony społeczeństwa przed sprawcami przestępstw na tle seksualnym.
PL
W artykule poruszono problem zatrudnienia w sektorze rolnym. Przedstawiona została trójsektorowa struktura pracujących w Polsce, wskazująca na zachodzące zmiany w zatrudnieniu w ostatnich latach. Analiza danych statystycznych pozwala zaobserwować spadek zatrudnienia w sektorze rolnym i przemysłowym oraz wzrost zatrudnienia w sektorze usług. Zwrócono także uwagę na udział ludności aktywnej zawodowo w rolnictwie w krajach Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce, ze wskazaniem na kraje dominujące. W sektorze rolnym istotnym problemem jest także wzrost bezrobocia i brak możliwości podjęcia pracy w innych, pozarolniczych sektorach ze względu na słabą mobilność ludności wiejskiej a niejednokrotnie także brak wykształcenia i niechęć do zmiany zawodu. W artykule starano się zwrócić uwagę na najważniejsze problemy dotykające polską wieś w ostatnich latach.
EN
The problem of employment in the agricultural sector has been brought up. A triple division of the working population between three main sectors in Poland has been introduced, pointing at changes in employment in the last few years. An analysis of statistical data allowed for observation of a decrease in employment in the agricultural and industrial sectors and an increase in employment in the service sector. An attention to the participation of the professionally active population in the rural population in the European Union member states and in Poland has also been paid, with pointing at dominating countries. In the agricultural sector, a rise of unemployment and a lack of ability of taking up work in other sectors are a relevant problem because of a feeble mobility of the rural population, but also the lack of education and the dislike for changing occupation. The most important problems afflicting the Polish country population in the last few years have been paid attention to.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy w niniejszej artykule był handel usługowy w formie związanej z przepływem osób. Wyniki badania prowadzą do głównego wniosku, że unijna reforma przepisów w zakresie świadczenia usług na rynku wewnętrznym okazała się być mało skuteczna. Nie spowodowała ona bowiem wzrostu w UE wymiany wewnątrzunijnej, zarówno pod względem wartości absolutnych, jak i udziału w całości transakcji. Państwa UE-15 wykazują przy tym trwalsze powiązania z rynkiem wewnętrznym niż „nowi” członkowie UE. Zależy to zapewne od stopnia rozwoju innych niż opisany w artykule form zaangażowania państw UE w wymianę na rynku wewnętrznym usług.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyse EU trade in services in its movement-ofpersons-mode. The main conclusion is that regulatory reforms to further integrate EU services markets have brought modest results. Neither the value of intra-EU trade in services nor its part in total EU trade have risen. One can also observe that the EU-15 countries have shown stronger links with EU internal market than the EU-12 countries. This can be related to supply of services through other modes of delivery.
EN
  The paper describes and appraises the policy of prosecution and punishment in cases of transgressions in the years 1990‒1994, i.e. after the systemic transformations in Poland. It is a continuation of a study of penal policy carried out while the former Code of Transgressions was still in force; the aim now is to draw a comparison between the old and new tendencies in the practice of prosecution and punishment. The comparison, however, encounters specific difficulties. The first reason for this is that a full judicial control over decisions of transgression boards was introduced and the boards were submitted to the Ministry of Justice supervision. The second reason is that the statistical data gathered now by that department are much scantier as compared to those formerly gathered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs while the transgression boards were still subordinated to it. In the seventies, a systematic aggravation of the penal policy took place. Admittedly, that policy was then temporarily mitigated with the birth of Solidarity; yet after the imposition of martial law in 1982, followed by the passing of the 1985 act, penal policy once again grew repressive, this time much more so. Then, at the close of the past decade, as a result of social pressure, penal policy was quite distinctly liberalized. To show the transformations of that policy in the nineties, it has usually been compared to the tendencies found in both a “repressive” year of 1987 and a “liberal” one of 1988. As follows from analysis of the prosecution policy measured by the number of motions for punishment submitted to transgression boards, the number of such motions was greatly reduced in the years 1990-1994 as compared to preceding decades. The fact considered that recorded crime went up distinctly in that period, as probably did also the number of petty infringements of the law – that is, transgressions – this reduction can be interpreted as a limitation of the scope of prosecution with respect to such acts. On the one hand, this resulted from a lowered activity of the police, on the other hand – from the force’s aim towards improving their image in society. A similar trend could be found in the case of police orders the number of which was also reduced. Characteristically, the average fine imposed by police order amounted to not even a half of the statutory upper limit. This notwithstanding, a draft amendment of the code of transgressions was published in the Spring of 1994 which suggested that the limit be raised tenfold; the draft also provided for an identical raise in the upper limit of fine as a main penalty, This solution was sharply criticized by the present author as its actual implanentation would result in a general aggravation of economic repression. The structure of transgressions for which the boards imposed punishment in the nineties underwent a rather significant change: the number of persons brought before the boards for traffic transgressions went up considerably (to about 70%) while that of persons guilty of disturbance of public order went down. This latter trend should be seen as advantageous since the formerly mass-scale prosecution of perpetrators of such acts, most of them alcohol dependent, was generally considered futile. Also liberalized was the structure of penal measures imposed on all perpetrators of transgressions. Admittedly, fine remained the prevalent response (about 95% of decisions); yet the proportion of the strictest measures (arrest and limitation of liberty) went down distinctly, and that of the most lenient ones (reprimand and renouncement of inflicting punishment) went up. The fact considered that the penalty of arrest was limited to the minimum and imposed chiefly on persons guilty of the acts that are to be classified as offenses under the draft of the Penal Code, the proposed preservation of that penalty in the future Code of Transgressions cannot be praised. This same conclusion is also true for conditional suspention the execution of arrest which is nearly a dead institution in practice. As clearly follows from statistical data used in the present analysis, changes in the structure of penal measures imposed reflected a mitigation of penal policy. Instead, no data are gathered as to the severity load of those measures. This situation is bound to provoke criticism, chiefly because of the lack of data on the amounts of fines. Fines being the most frequently imposed measures, their amounts constitute the basic index of punitiveness of the boards’ decisions. The fact considered that the statutory amount of fine was last raised in 1992 while nominal wages showed a regular upwards trend, the conclusion is justified that we in fact dealt with what was perhaps an unintended mitigation of the actual severity of economic repression. As follows from the principles of rational penal policy, the provions legal in force have to be to be amended. Due, however, to pauperization of society, the raise in the maximum statutory fine cannot be as drastic as suggested in the above-mentioned draft amendment of 1994. This might well lead to revival of the once pursued practice of using fines as an instrument of adding to the budget. The statistical data under analysis also provide no information on the imposition of additional penal measures, the sole exception being prohibition of operating motor driven vehicles. All that can be observed is a very serious growth in the proportion of this latter penalty which was due to a mass prosecution of perpetrators of petty traffic offenses. Characteristically, though, the incidence of imposition of this measure on such persons (those additionally guilty of drunken driving included) has been on a regular decrease. Also astonishing is the fact that despite the introduction of judicial review of the boards’ decisions (which had been postulated for many decades by the scientific circles), no statistical data are gathered showing the extent to which penal policy pursued by those boards is actually corrected by courts. Admittedly, it follows from the findings of the solo relevant research project conducted in the nineties that today as in the past, courts usually tend to reduce the penalties imposed by transgression boards (the penalty of prohibition of operating motor driven vehicles in particular). What remains unknown, though, is both the general number of persons who demand that their cases be examined by courts and the actual decisions of those courts. Although penal policy in cases of transgressions grew slightly more severe in 1990‒1994, its present liberalization as compared to the two preceding decades is generally seen as favorable. What probably accounts for this liberalization is the exclusion of transgression boards from under the supervision of Ministry of Internal Affairs and the resulting deprivation of the head of that particular Ministry of the right to issue instructions as to the sentencing policy which invariably increased its punitiveness. Thus an instrument of pressure was abolished which limited the discretion of members of transgression boards. This shows that respect for the independence of those appointed to apply tbe law may result in a reduction of repressiveness even with no legislative changes in the system of penal measures. This is not to say, though, that – still  based on rigorous provisions as it is – the system does not require a possibly prompt amendment.
EN
     The general picture of sentences pronounced by the courts is affected by the visible differences in the structure of offences comitted by men and women.           Prison sentences (the decisive factor in severity of sentence) are less frequently imposed on women. This is not the case, however, with regard to all offences. There are also situations where prison sentences are imposed more often on women than on men. Equally frequently, and sometimes even more often, women are sentenced to longer terms of imprisonment, that is, to terms of morethan three years.           Suspended prison sentences are commoner among women than among men. But this is not the predominant type of sentence in all types of crime. For sometimes it is less frequent than limitation of liberty, and fines. In cases of suspended prison sentences, women are more likely than men to get sentences of less than a year's duration.             Women are more likely than men to receive sentences consisting of a fine plus imprisonment. This is a consequence of the kind of offence they commit. Generally the fine is in the order of from 5,000 to 10,000 zlotys. The lowest fines are imposed on women more often than on men.            The lowest sentences of limitation of liberty are imposed more often on women than on men. In both groups, the sentences range mostly from six months to a year. True, there are certain types of crime where maximum prison sentences are imposed on women more often than on men, but generally speaking the opposite is usually the case.           Women, rather  than men, are more likely to be given the lowest fines (imposed as independent penalties); more rarely, with the exception of a few types of ,crime, are they given the heaviest fines.          It should be noted that as regards crimes against the family and the care of children (Art. 184, Art. 186), severer penalties are imposed against women, They are more frequently given higher fines along with terms of imprisonment, and also longer sentences of limitation of liberty.        Greater leniency in the sentences imposed on women (a trend mentioned in many criminological studies) is indicated by the higher frequency of sentences that do not include imprisonment, although this trend as regards leniency is not always borne out by the severity of the sentences imposed.
PL
           The general picture of sentences pronounced by the courts is affected by the visible differences in the structure of offences comitted by men and women.           Prison sentences (the decisive factor in severity of sentence) are less frequently imposed on women. This is not the case, however, with regard to all offences. There are also situations where prison sentences are imposed more often on women than on men. Equally frequently, and sometimes even more often, women are sentenced to longer terms of imprisonment, that is, to terms of morethan three years.           Suspended prison sentences are commoner among women than among men. But this is not the predominant type of sentence in all types of crime. For sometimes it is less frequent than limitation of liberty, and fines. In cases of suspended prison sentences, women are more likely than men to get sentences of less than a year's duration.             Women are more likely than men to receive sentences consisting of a fine plus imprisonment. This is a consequence of the kind of offence they commit. Generally the fine is in the order of from 5,000 to 10,000 zlotys. The lowest fines are imposed on women more often than on men.            The lowest sentences of limitation of liberty are imposed more often on women than on men. In both groups, the sentences range mostly from six months to a year. True, there are certain types of crime where maximum prison sentences are imposed on women more often than on men, but generally speaking the opposite is usually the case.           Women, rather  than men, are more likely to be given the lowest fines (imposed as independent penalties); more rarely, with the exception of a few types of ,crime, are they given the heaviest fines.          It should be noted that as regards crimes against the family and the care of children (Art. 184, Art. 186), severer penalties are imposed against women, They are more frequently given higher fines along with terms of imprisonment, and also longer sentences of limitation of liberty.        Greater leniency in the sentences imposed on women (a trend mentioned in many criminological studies) is indicated by the higher frequency of sentences that do not include imprisonment, although this trend as regards leniency is not always borne out by the severity of the sentences imposed.
PL
W zamyśle autorki, artykuł niniejszy stanowi przestrzeń do zaprezentowania fragmentu badań własnych zrealizowanych pod kątem losów zawodowych absolwentów studiów pedagogicznych. Autorka zestawia uzyskane rezultaty własnych badań empirycznych z danymi wynikającymi z realizacji ogólnopolskiego programu monitorowania karier zawodowych absolwentów oraz danymi pochodzącymi ze statystyk powiatowych urzędów pracy.
EN
This article is intended by the author to be a space for presenting a fragment of own research carried out in the area of ​​the professional careers of graduates of pedagogical studies. The author combines the results of own empirical studies with the data resulting from the implementation of the nationwide programme of monitoring professional careers of graduates and data from the statistics of poviat (regional) labour offices.
PL
Analiza wymiany towarowej w zakresie produktów rolno-spożywczych pomiędzy Polską a Rosją za latach 1997-2008 wykazała, iż wymianę tę charakteryzuje po stronie polskiej przewaga eksportu nad importem, a zatem dodatnie saldo handlu tymi towarami. Średni udział artykułów rolnospożywczych w ogólnej strukturze polskiego eksportu do Rosji na przełomie lat 1997-2008 ukształtował się na poziomie około 23%, podczas gdy import z Rosji na poziomie niewiele przekraczającym 1%. Spośród czterech sekcji produktów rolno-spożywczych największy udział w eksporcie z Polski do Rosji przypada na sekcję IV, tj. przetwory spożywcze, zaś najmniejszy na sekcję III, tj. tłuszcze i oleje. Po stronie szans polskiego eksportu towarów rolno-spożywczych do Rosji, które należałoby wykorzystać, można wskazać m.in. położenie geograficzne tego kraju, potencjał ekonomiczny, rozmiar i chłonność rynku oraz pozycję na arenie międzynarodowej, a także starania Rosji o wejście w struktury WTO, wzrost zamożności rosyjskiego społeczeństwa oraz brak samowystarczalności żywnościowej. Niestety obok szans istnieje także wiele zagrożeń oraz słabych stron polskiego eksportu do Rosji.
EN
Results of Polish-Russia trade in agri-food products in years 1997-2008 were presented. The value and structure of Polish exports to Russia and imports of agri-food products from Russia per sections of CN nomenclature were characterized. The share of agri-food products in the total value of Polish exports to Russia and imports from Russia was determined. The analysis of strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats in trading with Russia were presented.
PL
Polska prowadzi ożywioną wymianę handlową produktami rolno-spożywczymi z Rosją. W artykule dokonano analizy eksportu tych produktów w latach 2004–2010. Podstawowy materiał do analizy stanowiły dane Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego. Pomocne okazało się również piśmiennictwo naukowe. Zebrane informacje opracowano posługując się metodą opisową szeregów czasowych, a na ich podstawie logicznego wnioskowania. W badanym okresie nastąpił wzrost wartości polskiego eksportu produktów rolno-spożywczych do Rosji z 501,4 do 992,5 mln USD, a więc o 98,0%. Mimo tak dużego wzrostu wartości tego eksportu, w 2010 roku eksport artykułów rolno-spożywczych do Rosji stanowią 5,5% całości wywozu do tego kraju. W strukturze eksportu dominowało kilka grup produktów. Były to produkty ogrodnictwa i przemysłu owocowowarzywnego, kakao i przetwory, produkty mleczarskie oraz różne przetwory spożywcze.
EN
Poland is conducting a vivid trade in agro-food products with Russia. The paper presents an analysis of exports of these products in 2004-2010. The basic material for analysis were data from the Central Statistical Office publications. Also, the scientific literature has proved to be helpful. The collected data were processed with methods of descriptive and time series analysis and on that basis by methods of logical inference. In the period investigated, the value of Polish exports of agro-food products to Russia has increased from USD 501,4 million to 992,5 million, so by 98,0%. Despite such a large increase in the trade value, its meaning for the Polish trade in food products was low. In 2010, exports of agro-food products to Russia amounted to 5,5% of total exports. The structure of exports was dominated by a few groups of products. These were products of horticulture, fruit and vegetable processing industry, cocoa and cocoa preparations, dairy products, and miscellaneous edible preparations.
EN
A church reform introduced in East Prussia in 1525 brought the change of current religious relationships. In place of catholic Church the new Lutheran confession was officially introduced. To the half of the 19th century mixed marriages and mutual conversions have rarely appeared. Only in the 19th century, along with numerical height of the catholic community this problem started appearing more often. Analysis of statistical datas from the end of the 19th age and the 20th beginning are showing that such marriages have more often been contained in the Lutheran Church, and that the children were also being raised mainly in this faith. Also the balance of mutual conversions was advantageous for the Lutheran Church. Therefore in connecting to the roman catholic Church the Lutheran Church did not only lose, but even attracted new faithful. After the Second World War Lutherans became minority faith. Because of dislike from authorities and intolerance from new catholic settlers, Lutherans tried to avoid mixed marriages. If it already reached them, in general the marriage ceremony and baptism of children took place at the Roman Catholic Church. Sometimes occurred that the Lutherans on Masuria made conversion to Catholic faith right before entering into marriage with the Catholic. To the end of the fiftieth years mixed marriages constituted the little percent contained in both churches of marriage ceremonies. If to add the high birth rate in Masuria families, a statement that the mixed marriages and conversions to Catholicism did not have a direct effect to the demographic situation of the Lutheran Church on Masuria will be entitled. Clearly negative consequences of catholic – Lutheran marriages turned up only at the more late period. Taking the mentioned subject matter was aimed at introducing to the issue of the interrelation the evangelical and catholic community on Masuria. These issues have always aroused great emotions, especially when it was direct confrontation of representatives of both religious groups. Particularly when containing mixed marriages and associated with them conversions reached situations, in which both Churches accused each other mutually against the proselytism and the religious intolerance. It seems that It was a long-lasting element of the mutual coexistence, evangelicals and Catholics which with special power appeared in the first post-war years. Also in late years the interrelation was not also deprived of difficult and dramatic moments.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia problematyki współistnienia dwóch społeczności wyznaniowych na terenie Mazur na przełomie XIX i XX w. Szczególnej analizie poddane zostaną małżeństwa mieszane, zawierane przez przedstawicieli obydwu społeczności oraz związane z tym zjawisko zmiany wyznania (konwersji). Celem autora jest uchwycenie zmian we wzajemnych ewangelicko-katolickich relacjach w kontekście zmieniającej się sytuacji politycznej i demograficznej. W dalszej części podjęta zostanie próba analizy socjologicznej zachodzących zjawisk i ich wpływu na rozpad społeczności ewangelickich Mazurów.
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