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The right to privacy and the protection of personal data: Convention 108 as a universal and timeless standard for policymakers in Europe and beyond

100%
Góral U.
Acta Iuris Stetinensis
|
2021
|
vol. 33
101-113
EN
It is widely recognised that the first binding legal act regarding the protection of personal data of an international nature is Convention 108, adopted on 28 January 1981. By virtue of the Convention, the Parties are required to apply in their domestic legal order the principles introduced by the Council of Europe to ensure guarantees for the fundamental human rights of all individuals with regard to the processing of personal data. This paper refers to Convention 108 as the foundation for European and international data protection laws in a number of European countries. It has influenced policies and legislation far beyond Europe’s borders. However, due to the development of ICT tools that permit establishing new data-driven business models based on data-processing systems, Convention 108 has become subject to modernisation. At the same time, intensive negotiations were conducted in the EU concerning a new data-protection package to reform the data-protection system, and many other countries around the world have introduced provisions related to the processing of personal data. This paper analyses the impact of the standards set out in Convention 108 on the decision-making process and its global dimension.
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Prawna ochrona konsumenta w sieci na przykładzie zagadnienia darmowych usług platform internetowych

67%
Małobęcka I.
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
|
2017
|
vol. 6
|
issue 3
32-47
PL
Globalne platformy internetowe, takie jak Google, Facebook, Amazon czy Linkedin, coraz częściej oferują konsumentom bezpłatne usługi. Usługi takie jednak tylko pozornie są darmowe, konsument płaci bowiem za korzystanie z nich swoimi danymi. Problem takich pozornie darmowych usług polega m.in. na braku rzetelnej i pełnej informacji o wszystkich elementach umowy oraz wprowadzaniu konsumenta w błąd, co do rzeczywistej odpłatności usług i dalszego wykorzystania jego danych przez platformę internetową oraz inne podmioty. Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza możliwych kwalifikacji prawnych wskazanych praktyk platform internetowych oraz prawnych metod ochrony konsumenta przed takimi praktykami. Wskazano możliwe rozwiązania prawne, dostępne na gruncie prawa polskiego, w tym prawa ochrony konsumentów, danych osobowych oraz konkurencji. Zaproponowano również zmianę dotychczasowego podejścia do omawianych praktyk platform internetowych i przedstawiono alternatywne rozwiązanie, oparte na współpracy krajowych i unijnych urzędów i instytucji.
EN
Global internet platforms, such as Google, Facebook, Amazon or Linkedin, increasingly offer consumers free of charge services. Such services, however, are only seemingly free – consumers pay for their use with their own data. The problem with such seemingly free services lies, inter alia, in the lack of reliable and complete information about all elements of the agreement. Hence, consumers are being misled as to the actual remuneration for such services, as well as further use of their data by the internet platforms and other entities. This article analyzes possible ways of a legal classification of such practices of internet platforms, and legal methods of consumer protection against such practices. It indicates possible legal solutions available under Polish law, including consumer protection law, data protection law and competition law. It also proposes a change to the current approach to the practices of internet platforms and presents an alternative solution based on the cooperation of national and EU agencies and institutions.
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