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Prawne podstawy prowadzenia masowej inwigilacji obywateli opartej na hurtowym i nieukierunkowanym przechwytywaniu danych w UE z uwzględnieniem dorobku orzeczniczego TSUE i ETPC

100%
Rojszczak M.
Studia Prawa Publicznego
|
2017
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issue 2 (18)
159-187
EN
The activity which States undertake when conducting extensive non-directed surveillance programmes is seen as one of the major threats to privacy at the time of the information society. This problem has a special dimension in the European Union because the surveillance activity of individual Member States may be an obstacle to the functioning of a single internal market, particularly when it comes to ensuring the freedom to transfer personal data. Due to the supranational character of contemporary means of communication, and especially Internet communication services, guarantees related to the protection of privacy ought to be analysed not only through the prism of domestic regulations but also in the light of international law provisions. Results of an analysis of the relevant primary and secondary EU law have been presented. A special focus was put on Directive 95/46 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data and Directive 2002/58 on privacy and electronic communications. The formal eff ects of the rulings of the Court of Justice which determined invalidity of the retention directive have been analysed as well, mainly from the perspective of the validity of national provisions implementing the general obligation to retain the data in legal orders of EU Member States. Particularly interesting seems to be the analysis of the grounds for non-directed surveillance programmes and comparison of the fi ndings with the rulings of the CJEU and the ECHR, particularly the recent CJEU’s judgment in Tele2 and the ECHR’s judgment in Szabo v. Hungary. The judicial decisions analysed in the paper may not only be useful in solving matters related to surveillance instruments used in individual cases but may also serve as a helpful tool in establishing the directions of development of domestic regulations in line with international standards. The latter may also be related to the provisions of the surveillance act and anti-terrorist act recently binding in Poland.
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Ochrona dziennikarskich źródeł informacji w dobie cyfrowej w świetle Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności oraz Konstytucji RP

88%
Podkowik J.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2015
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issue 3(128)
67-87
EN
Secret surveillance measures based on new technologies, particularly interception of telecommunication, spy software or traffi c and location data are among the most effi cient methods of preventing and detecting various perils to the security of the state. However, they can become an exceptionally severe interference with the fundamental rights of individuals. Exceptional threat posed by the use of secret surveillance measures is the possibility of gathering information obtained “in confi dence”, particularly when identifying informant’s identity. Even the mere admissibility of the secret surveillance of journalists can cause “the freezing effect”, preventing them from publishing information considering public authorities activities. The possibility of investigating the private lives of journalists can stop them criticizing the government, even if the criticism is justifi ed. The consequence of it is the decline of the supervisory role of the press as a “guardian of democracy and pluralism”. The aim of this paper is to refl ect on the limits of the surveillance, the object of which — whether direct or indirect — are journalists. An attempt of creating an operative test based on Strasbourg and Polish constitutional case law, especially latest judgment K 23/11, estimating the relevance of provisions on surveillance considering the protection of reporter’s privilege and the freedom of press are also undertaken.
3
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Kam jsme se posunuli od zrušení směrnice o uchovávání údajů

63%
Denemark J.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2021
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vol. 160
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issue 12
1054-1070
EN
The European Union is quite efficient in its efforts to protect fundamental rights to privacy and to personal data protection, even during the time of rapid development of communication technologies. Whether it is the European legislator or the EU Court of Justice, the overall approach reflects the todays’ modernity. Nonetheless, there have been certain confusion regarding the data retention of personal data by telecommunication services providers for the purpose of transferring the data to the public authorities since the declaration of Data Retention Directive invalid. The aim of this paper is not only to evaluate the effectiveness of European Union’s practice within the evolution of new technologies regarding the challenges towards the right to privacy and personal data protection, but also to answer the question of whether we now have clear guidelines for data retention legislation on the national level.
CS
Evropská unie svou snahu chránit základní práva na soukromí a ochranu osobních údajů v době rychlého rozvoje nových komunikačních technologií zvládá vcelku obstojně. Ať už je to evropský normotvůrce nebo Soudní dvůr EU, přístup k unijnímu právu odráží modernitu dnešní doby. Nicméně na poli uchovávání osobních údajů provozovateli telekomunikačních sítí pro účely předání těchto údajů státním orgánům panovaly od dob zrušení směrnice o uchovávání údajů jisté rozpaky. Cílem příspěvku je tak nejen zhodnotit reakce Evropské unie na nové technologické výzvy s ohledem na ochranu soukromí a osobních údajů a zhodnotit jejich vhodnost či efektivitu, ale především odpovědět na otázku, zda dnes máme unijním acquis jasně stanovené mantinely pro vnitrostátní úpravu ochrany osobních údajů.
4
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2009 Legislative and Juridical Developments in Telecommunications

63%
Kosmala K.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
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2010
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vol. 3(3)
237-250
EN
This article assesses the 2009 amendments to the Polish Telecommunications Law and the most significant executive regulations that have been passed in its context. The amendments are discussed considering their compliance with EU law, taking into account the rulings of the European Court of Justice on the conformity of some of the Polish provisions with the set of directives constituting the European telecommunications regulatory framework of 2002. The analyzed amendments relate to, in particular, the manner in which ex ante regulation should be implemented, the principles of telecoms services provision to end-users and the performance of state security and defense obligations (the implementation of Directive 2006/24/EC on Data Retention). Furthermore, the article contains an analysis of key Polish case-law issued in 2009 with respect to the telecoms field covering the most controversial cases decided in that period by both, domestic administrative courts as well as the Supreme Court. The jurisprudence under consideration concerns the following regulatory issues: (1) number porting fees, (2) the term for the expiration of claims regarding the provision of telecoms services as well as, (3) the appropriate procedure to be followed when appealing certain decisions of the National Regulatory Authority relating to the performance of regulatory obligations. The lack of a clear distinction of procedural competences of civil as opposed to administrative courts in this latter regard is shown. The article also covers the ruling of the Court of Justice of 1 July 2010 issued in response to a preliminary reference submitted by the Polish Supreme Court concerning the establishment of number porting fees (case C-99/09).
FR
Le présent article traite des changements dans le droit de télécoms et dans les principaux règlements d’exécution de la loi qui ont été apportés en 2009. Les modifications de ces dispositions ont été analysées et discutées quant à leur compatibilité avec le droit européen, tout en tenant compte de la jurisprudence de la Cour Européenne de Justice concernant la compatibilité des règles polonaises avec les directives du Paquet télécoms de 2002. Les modifications présentées concernent la manière de traiter la réglementation ex ante, les principes de l’activité de prestation de services de télécoms aux usagers finales et l’exécution des obligations du système de défense (transposition de la Directive 2006/24/EC sur la conservation des données). L’article présente également l'essentiel de la jurisprudence des tribunaux nationaux concernant le secteur de télécoms de l’année 2009. Les décisions de la Cour Suprême et des tribunaux administratifs ont été analysées sous l’angle des points le plus controversés concernant: (1) les frais de transfert des numéros, (2) le délai de déclaration des revendications au titre de la prestation de service de télécoms et (3) la voie de recours de certaines décisions de l’organe de réglementation en rapport avec l’exécution des obligations réglementaires. Concernant ce dernier point, le problème de la compétence des tribunaux : civils ou administratifs, reste non résolue. L’article mentionne également l'arrêt de la Cour de Justice - étant la réponse à la question préjudicielle de la Cour Suprême polonaise - dans le domaine de l’établissement des droits de transfert des numéros (arrêt du 1 juillet 2010 C-99/09).
5
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K rozšiřování věcné působnosti unijních pravidel na ochranu osobních údajů ze strany SDEU:

62%
Serdula O.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2020
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vol. 159
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issue 8
641-660
EN
The article deals with the material scope of EU data protection rules. The relevant case law of the CJEU shows that the material scope of EU secondary law in this area must be understood much more broadly than it might seem at the first sight. This is because, in order to ensure the maximum level of protection, the CJEU interprets the restrictions on the scope of these legislative acts as “exceptions to the rule”, without due regard to their legal basis and the principle of conferral. The author points out the problematic aspects of this approach and demonstrates – on the recent CJEU data retention jurisprudence – that the EU data protection rules are now likely to affect the area of national security, traditionally the domain of the Member States.
CS
Článek se zabývá problematikou věcné působnosti unijních pravidel na ochranu osobních údajů. Na relevantní judikatuře SDEU je demonstrováno, že působnost unijních předpisů v této oblasti je třeba chápat podstatně šířeji, než by se na první pohled mohlo zdát. Je tomu tak z toho důvodu, že SDEU ve snaze zajistit maximální úroveň ochrany vnímá veškerá omezení působnosti unijních předpisů v této oblasti jako „výjimky z pravidla“, a to bez náležitého zohlednění právního základu dotčených předpisů a zásady svěřených pravomocí. Autor poukazuje na problematické aspekty tohoto přístupu SDEU a na aktuální judikatuře Soudního dvora v oblasti data retention demonstruje, že unijní pravidla na ochranu osobních údajů zřejmě brzy zasáhnou i do oblasti zajišťování národní bezpečnosti jakožto tradiční domény členských států.
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