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EN
One accompanying phenomenon of modern science, which is focused on (measurable) output, is a radical increase in the types and forms of plagiarism, or fraud in other words, at the level of student essays, dissertations and pure research studies. This contribution demonstrates that cases of fraud, being both exemplary and the most serious ones in terms of financial implications, occur in the natural sciences, medicine and technological sciences, yet the humanities, namely historiography, are also blighted by misconduct of a similar vein. The author lists exemplary cases of fraud in academic research. Thereafter, supported by the Codes of Practice of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and the Charles University, he identifies with the help of exemplars, the four fundamental types of academic fraud in publishing: plagiarism, fabrication, falsification (including “negative falsification”) and data theft. He also highlights the fact that these are not mere trivial offences nor marginal phenomena but rather significant breaches of scientific conduct with an impact on the very substance of the respective discipline, and thus present a serious problem that modern historiography needs to address.
EN
The subject of the study is to present legal frameworks of the security of the individual in cyberspace. As a research hypothesis, it should be assumed that the level of this security depends primarily on the appropriate regulations and institutions that will deal with active forms of protection of the individual’s security in cyberspace. To achieve this goal, the method of description of advantages and disadvantages of cyberspace and showing its characteristics was used in the work. Then, the analysis of legal provisions in Poland was carried out in terms of their applicability in policy which could guarantee the security of the individual in cyberspace.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest ukazanie prawnych ram bezpieczeństwa jednostki w cyberprzestrzeni. Jako hipotezę badawczą należy przyjąć, że poziom tego bezpieczeństwa zależy przede wszystkim od odpowiednich uregulowań oraz instytucji, które będą zajmowały się aktywnymi formami ochrony bezpieczeństwa jednostki w cyberprzestrzeni. W celu realizacji tego zamierzenia w pracy posłużono się metodą opisu zalet i wad cyberprzestrzeni oraz ukazania jej cech charakterystycznych. Następnie w opracowaniu przeprowadzono analizę przepisów prawa w Polsce pod kątem możliwości ich zastosowania w polityce mającej gwarantować bezpieczeństwo jednostki w cyberprzestrzeni.
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