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Rentier economy of the Kurdish region in Iraq as a source of barriers for the regional security sector reform

100%
Sosnowski P.
Security and Defence Quarterly
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2019
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vol. 23
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issue 1
144-157
EN
Despite the uncertainty about the Peshmerga’s status, western countries besides training and arming the Iraqi Kurds are working with them to reform Peshmerga forces. The aim of this article is to identify and explain some of the barriers for the Regional Security Sector Reform which comes from oil dependence. The author assumed that explaining the historical context of some of the barriers emerging could be helpful during the reform planning process.
2
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The Gagauz Republic: Internal Dynamics of De Facto Statehood

100%
Kosienkowski M.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia
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2017
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vol. 24
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issue 1
EN
The post-Soviet area is a home for a several de facto states, which are entities that resemble "normal" states but lack international recognition. This paper examines a historical and under-researched case study of the Gagauz Republic (Gagauzia), a de facto state that existed within Moldova between 1990 and 1995. Drawing on a new suite of sources – interviews, memoirs and journalism – it analyses the territorial, military, political, and socio-economic dimensions of the Gagauz de facto statehood, tracing how the Gagauz authorities proceeded in consolidating Gagauzia’s statehood through processes of state- and nation-building. This study concludes that the Gagauz leadership was moderately successful in its activities.
3
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Donetsk people’s republic as de facto state

86%
Šmíd T., Šmídová A.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2019
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vol. 105
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issue 3
527-549
EN
The political crisis in Ukraine, which grew into an armed conflict in the Donbass in 2014, was one of the reasons for the emergence of secessionist entities in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions .This study deals with the de facto state concept. The authors apply this phenomenon to the case study of the Donetsk People’s Republic. This paper relies largely on a theoretical framework of state failure concepts by authors Scott Pegg, David Lynch, Pål Kolstø and others. In addition, we also use the Montevideo convention qualifications. The authors have used data sourced from respondents living in the territory of the Donbass to answer their research questions.
4
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Cursory Viewpoint on Transnistria as the Focus of the Russian Federation Policy

72%
Telenko O., Prysiazhniuk Y.
Przegląd Strategiczny
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2021
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issue 14
215-234
PL
Artykuł przedstawia rosyjski punk punkt widzenia na Naddniestrze, które jest w centrum uwagi polityki Federacji Rosyjskiej. Rosja realizuje polityczne interesy w Naddniestrzu związane z jej geostrategicznymi ambicjami na przestrzeni poradzieckiej. Okazuje się, że Moskwa ma ogromny wpływ na życie regionu i współpracuje z Tyraspolem na płaszczyźnie politycznej, militarnej, społecznej, kulturowej i gospodarczej. Mówi się, że rosyjska obecność wojskowa w tym de facto państwie pomaga nie tylko kontrolować Naddniestrze, ale także Mołdawię, jeżeli chodzi o jej wybór geopolityczny. W tym artykule pokazano aktywność Rosji w zakresie rozwiązywania konfliktów w Naddniestrzu. Szczególną uwagę zwraca się na plan Kozaka, mający na celu zjednoczenie Naddniestrza i Mołdawii, zgodnie z którym należało nadać Naddniestrzu zbyt rozległe prawa. Chociaż plan ten nie został zrealizowany, w rzeczywistości jego idea jest obecnie stopniowo promowana poprzez zbliżenie Mołdawii i Naddniestrza. W artykule podkreślono, że rusyfikacja regionu wpływa na nastroje ludności dotyczące przyszłego jego statusu. Zbadane są relacje społeczno-gospodarcze między Rosją a Naddniestrzem. Okazuje się, że wszyscy trzej prezydenci tego de facto państwa mieli bliskie powiązania z władzami rosyjskimi i koordynowali z nimi swoją politykę. Mówi się, że Rosja oficjalnie popiera integralność terytorialną Mołdawii, ale jednocześnie udziela kompleksowego wsparcia regionowi. Choć nie jest to deklarowane w dokumentach, obecnie Federacja Rosyjska faworyzuje status quo w regionie.
EN
The article outlines cursory viewpoint on Transnistria as the focus of the Russian Federation policy. Russia pursues political interests in Transnistria connected with its geostrategic ambitions on the post-Soviet state. It is revealed that Moscow has a great impact on the life of Transnistria and cooperates with Tiraspol in political, military, social, cultural, and economic spheres. It is discussed that Russian military presence in this de facto state helps not only to control Transnistria but also Moldova concerning its geopolitical choice. In the article Russia’s activity concerning conflict resolution in Transnistria is shown. A special attention is paid to the Kozak Plan aiming at unification of Transnistria and Moldova, according to which too-extensive rights to Transnistria had to be given. Although this plan was not implemented, in fact now its idea is promoted gradually through convergence of Moldova and Transnistria. In the article it is stressed that russification of the region influences on the mood of the population concerning the future status of the region. Social and economic relations between Russia and Transnistria are researched. It is revealed that all three presidents of this de facto state had close ties with the Russian government and coordinated their politics with it. It is discussed that officially Russia supports territorial integrity of Moldova but at the same time it gives comprehensive support of Transnistria. Although it is not declared in the documents, now the Russian Federation favours status quo in Transnistria.
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