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EN
The study focuses on the statistical evaluation of data on crime in 1882-1911 published in contemporary records. Firstly, a descriptive analysis is used to compare selected characteristics of persons condemned to death. Secondly, a multinomial logistic regression model is used to identify and statistically test factors determining whether a felon deserved pardon or was eventually executed. The final evaluation of the results of both analytical methods point out the differences in various parameters of criminal behaviour and its treatment on the side of the state across the lands of the Cisleithanian part of the Habsburg Monarchy.
EN
This article is devoted to the problem of reforming Ukrainian legislation in accordance with the European principles of humanization and mitigation of criminal liability. Since the principle of supremacy of the law acts and is admitted in Ukraine, and the Constitution of Ukraine has supreme legal validity, laws and other normative legal acts have no retrospective effect, except those which mitigate or eliminate liability of a person accused of committing a crime. Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedural Codes of Ukraine of 2008have proscribed that after a person has committed a сriminal act, and the Law on Criminal Liability was changed several times, the law eliminating the criminality of that act, mitigating criminal liability or improving a person’s position has a retrospective effect. In this regard, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine has to interpret some basic questions, such as: whether punishment in the form of life imprisonment can be applied to persons who have committed a criminal act for which until March, 29, 2000, the Criminal Code of Ukraine proscribed the possibility of the death penalty; and whether life imprisonment is a new kind of punishment or is a replacement of one kind of punishment with another one – in this case, the death penalty with life imprisonment. The author proves that the Criminal Code of Ukraine, with some modifications concerning mitigation of criminal liability, should be considered as a new criminal code. According to the legal position of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, for persons who committed crimes, for which the possibility of the death penalty was proscribed until March 29, 2000, the punishment of the life imprisonment may be applied.
EN
Existing research data are not able to give a convincing proof that the death penalty deters people from committing crimes more efficiently than other punishments. However, in many countries, including European Union countries, the restoration of this strictest kind of penalty is under discussion. In 1966 there was passed the International Pakt on Civil and Political Rights, which included the right of every human being to the “nherent right to live”. As a consequence of that, in many countries the death penalty for the most serious crimes has been abolished. To 1998, in 167 countries the death penalty was ablished and 14 other anounce this verdict it only for war crimes. In 24 countries executions ceased to take place in practice (de facto amnesty) – despite the existence of capital punishment in domestic legislation. Currently, death sentences are used in over 60 countries worldwide. Within European countries the death penalty is carried out only in Belarus. In Czechoslovakia, the death penalty was abolished in 1990. The article presents the “way” of the legislation of the death penalty applicable in the Czech Republic and in the territory of Slovakia. Author cites various stages of evolution of sanctions in the form of capital punishment in the legislation of Czechoslovakia since 1950 to the current interpretation of the prohibition of the death penalty in the Penal Code in the Republic of Slovakia. As a conclusion, after the presentation of arguments “pro” and “contra”, the author declares the death penalty as unacceptable.
EN
All armies, both contemporary ones and those functioning in the past, have always functioned due to observance of inner discipline. It was also true about the Continental Army, which was created under the Continental Congress resolution of June 14, 1775. George Washington was nominated its Commander and he fulfilled this function throughout the period of the war. The aim of the first part of the article is to discuss military legal acts sanctioning death penalty, which were issued by colonists in the war years (1775–1783). Another goal is to answer the question where the patterns of regulations concerning crimes carrying a penalty of capital punishment, if these crimes were committed by military men, were taken from and how US policy changed in this respect during the war. The other part of the article analyses cases of death penalty issued by American military courts and recapitulates the catalogue of crimes carrying a death penalty which were committed by soldiers of the Continental Army. It is also indicated which crimes were the most frequently punished by the death penalty.
EN
The subject of the petition is to change the sanction specified in Article 1 of the Decree is such a way that it would modify the sanction to become a differentiated one. In the author’s opinion, despite the fact that the penalty of life imprisonment for the crime specified in the August Decree is strictly defined, the court can differentiate it, in particular to convicting to 25 years of imprisonment. It should also be borne in mind that the probability of the actual application of the sanction specified in the August Decree is minimal.
EN
Objectives: Compilation and comparison of the period when the death penalty was applied, its functions and significance, to the present day, when the death penalty has been abolished. Material and methods: Legal acts, jurisdictions, literature, Internet sources. Analytical method used. Results: the result of my article is to familiarize readers with the death penalty and its understanding by past and present societies.The death penalty initially served several functions, it was not only a function to punish the offender. Depending on the understanding of crime, it was treated as revenge of the gods or private revenge, or as public retaliation or as a means of social defense.The original reaction to the crime was revenge, aimed at destroying the offender and his property, and was not always directed against the perpetrator, most often consisting in removing a member from a social union by death or expulsion from the group (alienation).In the course of social development, the punishment took the form of a material talion, which consisted in doing the same evil to the perpetrator as he had done.With the development of humanitarianism in legal systems, the punishment from a primitive social reaction turned into a state punishment, subject to gradual rationalization. Conclusions: All aspects of the applied penalties for committed crimes, including the death penalty, presented in the article, are important for legal and moral considerations made by the society and, consequently, should lead to a referendum on the use of the death penalty in Poland.Currently, Poland and most countries do not use the death penalty in their sentences and do not recognize it in the code. It is a more humane approach to the criminal, but the Polish government is working on a further amendment to the penal code in favor of the victims.
EN
Danuta „Inka” Siedzik was a nurse. During the Second World War she belonged to the Home Army and to the independence organizations, which fighted with communist rule after the war. She was sentenced to death penalty and shot in jail in Gdańsk at the age of 17 for her service and fight. She belongs to cursed soldiers, that means activists of anti-communist underground. Although she died in 1946, her memory has been cultivated only for a dozen or so years. The aim of the article was an analyze of documents and interpret of legal regulations, which applied to Inka’ case. In the article compared content of the documents with regulations and that time. No moral judgment was made on the court’s decision, but were presented only the facts.
EN
This paper presets survey results regarding law students opinions on the criminal law and criminology, e.g. death penalty, the offender and the offense as an object of criminological research, the purposes of criminal punishment and criminal law. This article is an attempt to determine an influence of academic knowledge in the field of criminal law and criminology at the students opinions and to analyze or law student hold a public opinion concerning criminal law and criminology.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wprowadzenie w problematykę etycznych, filozoficznych oraz prawnomiędzynarodowych aspektów kary głównej. W pierwszej części artykułu autorka streszcza najważniejsze argumenty etyczne w dyspucie nad karą śmierci. W dalszej jego części dokonuje przeglądu dokumentów prawa międzynarodowego z dziedziny praw człowieka pod kątem regulacji dotyczących kary śmierci ukazując jednocześnie proces abolicji kary śmierci w prawie międzynarodowym.
EN
The aim of the article is to introduce ethical, philosophical and legal aspects of capital punishment, with special regard to international law .In the beginning of the article the author summarizes the crucial ethical arguments in the debate on death penalty. In the following part the author presents an overview of the international human rights documents concerning the regulations on capital punishment , at the same time featuring the process of abolition of death penalty in international law.
EN
The article discusses the death of Ananias and Sapphira, two Christians who deceived the Apostles – they claimed that they donated all the money from the sale of their land, when in reality they only donated a portion of the profits and kept the rest hidden for themselves. The author considers seven interpretations of the event (historical, polemical, psychological, legal, soteriological, theological, and ecclesiological) and concludes that the early Christian Church led by the Apostles was very strict about its stance on property – one had to get rid of all private possessions and donate them to the community. Insubordination on this matter was punishable by death. Although there was a religious explanation for this practice (according to Jesus it was hardly possible for a rich person to enter Heaven), it was primarily a means of building a foundation for a powerful Church which would be a social, political, and economical structure headed by the Apostles and their successors.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest stosunek mieszkańców Włocławka i okolic do problemu zasadności kary śmierci. Autorka odwołuje się do badań socjologów, filozofów oraz teologów i drobiazgowo rekonstruuje sam fenomen kary głównej. Omawia pokrótce jego historię, genezę, aspekty filozoficzne i religijne. Następnie ukazuje – na przykładzie samodzielnie przeprowadzonych badań (ankieta) – stosunek społeczeństwa Włocławka i okolic do problemu. Jednocześnie autorka zastanawia się, jakie czynniki mają zasadniczy wpływ na kształtowanie się poglądów człowieka dotyczących tej kwestii.
EN
The subject of the article is an attitude of Włocławek society towards the death penalty issue. The author refers to sociological, philosophical and theological researches and reconstructs precisely the phenomenon of the capital punishment. She analyses its history, genesis, as well as philosophical and religious aspects. Furthermore she shows – using an example of her own research (questionnaire) – an attitude of Włocławek community towards the problem. At the same time the author figures out which conditions influence on opinions in this particular matter.
EN
In his monograph The Hangman and His Workshop in Silesia, Upper Lusatia, and Kladsko County from the Beginning of the 16th to the Mid – 19th Century Daniel Wojtucki presents the profession of executioner. Having analysed historical sources, the author comprehensively characterizes the work of the executioner in the broad social context. He describes the profession on the background of the executioner’s family and presents a common approach to such a job. Particularly worth mentioning were some of the extraneous activities that the executioner took up and the collaborators with whom he cooperated. According to legal aspects, the author described the procedure for execution of a sentence as well as tools used in the executioner’s work. As an appendix, the author attached biographies of various executioners.
13
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Kara śmierci a prawa człowieka

75%
EN
This study has attempted to present an axiological perspective of death penalty based on international standards, including the human rights, life protection and the prohibition of torture and inhuman, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment, by presenting protection systems for such world organisations as the United Nations, the European Union and the domestic ones concluded primarily in the Constitution of Poland
PL
W artykule starano się przedstawić perspektywę aksjologiczną kary śmierci, opierając się o standardy międzynarodowe, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ochrony praw człowieka, ochrony życia i zakazu tortur, oraz nieludzkiego, okrutnego lub poniżającego traktowania lub karania, poprzez przedstawienie systemów ochrony takich organizacji światowych jak: ONZ, Rada Europy, Unia Europejska oraz wewnątrzkrajowych zawartych przede wszystkim w Konstytucji RP.
Facta Simonidis
|
2015
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vol. 8
|
issue 1
207-221
EN
The death penalty is the oldest form of sanction which has existed in all epochs in the history of humanity. Its justification was associated with the principle of retaliation and belief in the deterrent function of this penalty. The arguments concerning the lack of legitimacy of the use of the death penalty appeared for the first time in the Enlightenment. Thereafter, abolitionists have aimed at restricting the list of crimes resulting in capital punishment and aimed at abolishing the death penalty in general. The aim of this article is to describe the formation of legal and international regulations which have aimed at abolishing the death penalty since the establishment of United Nations, as well as to present Amnesty International`s report which specifies the global trend in imposing the death sentences and carrying out the executions in 2013.
PL
Kara śmierci jest najstarszą formą sankcji występującą we wszystkich epokach w dziejach ludzkości. Jej uzasadnienie wiązane było z zasadą odwetu i przekonaniem o odstraszającej funkcji tej kary. W okresie Oświecenia po raz pierwszy pojawiły się tezy o braku zasadności stosowania kary śmierci. Od tego momentu przedstawiciele poglądów abolicjonistycznych dążyli do zawężenia katalogu przestępstw, za które groziła najsurowsza kara, jak i do zniesienia kary śmierci w ogóle. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kształtowania się prawnomiędzynarodowych uregulowań dążących do zniesienia kary śmierci od powstania Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych, jak również zaprezentowanie raportu Amnesty International opisującego globalne trendy w wymierzaniu kary ostatecznej i dokonywaniu egzekucji w 2013 roku.
EN
A Short Film About Killing of Krzysztof Kieślowski tells the story of a young man sentenced to death for brutal murder. Both the murder and the execution of the death penalty are presented with great realism. The film is the director's voice against killing anyone, also within institutionalized mechanisms. The work, created at the end of the 1980s, at a time of a clear disintegration of the totalitarian communist system, was appreciated by Western cinematography. The article discusses the plot of the film, characterizes the characters, also presents information about the death penalty in penal codes from the interwar period and People's Poland, death penalty in Poland at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, as well as views on the main punishment in the Judeo-Christian culture.
PL
Krótki film o zabijaniu Krzysztofa Kieślowskiego opowiada historię młodego człowieka skazanego, za dokonanie brutalnego morderstwa, na karę śmierci. Zarówno morderstwo, jak i wykonanie kary śmierci zostały przedstawione z dużym realizmem. Film jest głosem reżysera przeciwko pozbawianiu życia kogokolwiek, także w ramach zinstytucjonalizowanych mechanizmów. Dzieło, powstałe w końcu lat osiemdziesiątych, w momencie wyraźnego rozkładu totalitarnego systemu komunistycznego, spotkało się z uznaniem zachodnich krytyków filmowych. W artykule omówiono fabułę filmu, scharakteryzowano bohaterów, zaprezentowano informacje o karze śmierci w kodeksach karnych z okresu międzywojennego oraz Polski Ludowej, karze śmierci w Polsce przełomu lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych, a także poglądy na karę główną w judeochrześcijańskim kręgu kulturowym.
EN
The following article is an attempt to analyse situations and its factors that allow taking another human being’s life, mainly based on teaching of the magisterium of the Catholic Church, especially some of the selected documents like John Paul II’s encyclical „Evangelium vitae”, as well as "Catechism of the Catholic Church". The paper consists of two parts. The first part touches the death penalty matter, whereas the next part is an analysis of a situation,where defence is a necessity. Despite socio-cultural changes in the modern world, the issue is still relevant and evokes discussions and a lot of emotions when being mentioned. Although not all of the previously spoken matters have been fully discussed, the aim was to draw attention to the necessity of propagation of the basic value, that is a human life since its conception until natural death. It is also important to try to answer the question where is the line when taking another person’s life, emphasizing the teaching of Jesus Christ himself and based on the teaching of the Church.
PL
W niniejszym artykule, autorka podjęła próbę przeanalizowania sytuacji warunkujących możliwości dopuszczenia pozbawienia życia drugiego człowieka, opierając się głównie na nauczaniu Magisterium Kościoła, w szczególności na podstawie wybranych dokumentów tj. encykliki Jana Pawła II „Evangelium vitae” oraz Katechizmu Kościoła Katolickiego. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej omówiono kwestię kary śmierci, w kolejnej zaś, dokonano analizy sytuacji obrony koniecznej. Mimo zachodzących zmian społeczno-kulturowych we współczesnym świecie, temat nie traci ze swojej aktualności, wywołując przy okazji omawiania ich, dyskusję oraz wiele emocji. Choć nie zostały wyczerpane wszystkie kwestie dotyczące wspomnianych zagadnień, celem było zwrócenie szczególnej uwagę na konieczność propagowania podstawowej wartości, jaką jest życie człowieka od jego poczęcia do naturalnej śmierci oraz próba odpowiedzi na pytanie o granice dopuszczenia pozbawienia życia drugiej osoby, podkreślając w nim naukę samego Jezusa oraz opierając się na nauczaniu Kościoła.
EN
A statistical report of 1906 evaluated the place of death sentences in the judicial system, with the main purpose of supporting the bill of abolition of the death penalty (finally rejected). This report showed the negligible role of the capital punishment in the penal repression – as if the guillotine had already fallen into abeyance. According to the Penal Code of 1810, aggravated murders (premeditated murders, murders accompanied by another crime, murders of a public officer), parricides, poisonings, arsons of houses, as well as complicity in and attempt of such crimes, were all punishable by the guillotine. However, a large implementation of the principle of mitigating circumstances allowed to avoid the enforcement of death penalty. Moreover, two thirds of the people sentenced to death were pardoned, often with the support of the juries. The substitute penalty was a perpetual imprisonment, but this “perpetuity” became shorter and shorter after 1945.
PL
W ciągu ostatnich dziesięcioleci przeprowadzono wiele istotnych sondaży na temat kary śmierci. Niektóre z tych sondaży nie tylko badały rozkład opinii za karą śmierci i przeciw karze śmierci w danych społeczeństwach w danym czasie, lecz także analizowały trend rozkładu tych opinii w różnych warstwach społecznych. Przeprowadzono kilka sondaży, gdzie nie tylko skupiano się na czynnikach społeczno-kulturowych, ale też pytano respondentów o ich światopogląd ogółem. Badano również czynniki przekładające się na udzielanie danych odpowiedzi. Wyniki rzeczonych sondaży i badań rysują jasny obraz ogólnej społeczno-kulturowej natury osób popierających karę śmierci, a także dają wgląd w ogólne postawy respondentów względem czynników determinujących ich poglądy. Następujące w dalszej części omówienie sondaży przeprowadzonych na Węgrzech rzuca światło na kwestię wpływu upływu czasu na społeczny odbiór zasadności stosowania kary śmierci, a także opisuje zachodzące na przestrzeni lat zmiany w społecznym postrzeganiu zasadności stosowania tego rodzaju kary. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu przedstawić i omówić złożoność stosunku jednostki i zbiorowości ludzkiej do kary śmierci, w kontekście poszczególnych krajów i kultur. Nie chodzi tu jednak o analizę liczbową, o określenie liczby osób popierających karę śmierci lub będących przeciwko niej w danym kraju i w danym czasie, a raczej o rozpoznanie czynników kształtujących zbadane postawy i poglądy względem kary śmierci oraz czynników będących w stanie te postawy i poglądy zmienić.
EN
A number of representative polls have been conducted on the death penalty in recent decades. There were some surveys whose authors were interested not only in the percentage of supporters and opponents of the death penalty, but also in whether this rate varies in different strata of society. Several polls were conducted, in which, in addition to socio-cultural factors, respondents were asked about their general attitudes and some research was also conducted in order to uncover the reasons behind the responses of the interviewees. From all of this, one can gain a clear picture as regards the socio-cultural characteristics of people in general, who are more in favour of the death penalty, as well as regarding what general ttitudes respondents have and for what reasons they formed their views. The subsequent presentation of the Hungarian surveys will help one to see whether distance in time affects the perception of the social need for capital punishment, and how such need changes over time. Overall, the aim of this study is to present a comprehensive human approach to the death penalty; that is, the goal is not to examine how many people have supported or opposed the death penalty in a particular country in a given period of time, but to find out what factors influence commitment to or against capital punishment and the causes thereof, and what factors can change people’s attitudes towards the death penalty.
19
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Kary śmierci według Miszny

63%
EN
The Mishnah lists four death sentences: stoning, strangulation, burning and beheading, although the latter was abandoned as it was considered barbaric. According to tradition, the death penalty was ruled by a courtof twenty-three judges. The article, based on the original text of the Mishnah, briefly presents various types of judicial institutions, discusses the scope of judges’ powers, procedural law, and in particular the court procedure in criminal matters (hearing witnesses, judging, issuing judgments). It specifies the faults for which the specific death penalty is imposed and describes the methods of its execution.
PL
Miszna wymienia cztery kary śmierci: ukamienowanie, uduszenie, spalenie i ścięcie, ale tej ostatniej kary zaniechano, uznając ją za barbarzyńską. Zgodnie z tradycją karę śmierci zatwierdzał sąd składający się z dwudziestu trzech sędziów. Artykuł, opierający się na oryginalnym tekście Miszny, przedstawia w wielkim skrócie instytucje sądowe różnych typów, omawia zakres władzy sędziów, prawo procesowe, a szczególnie procedurę sądową w sprawach karnych (przesłuchanie świadków, osądzanie, wydawanie wyroków). Precyzuje, za jakie winy wymierza się określoną karę śmierci oraz podaje sposoby jej wykonania.
EN
Abstract: In Judaism various terms already occurring in the Hebrew Bible are used to define the soul: neshamah, ruah, nefesh, yehidah, hayah. They were adopted by Rabbinic Judaism which had its roots in Biblical Judaism and which, however, is fundamentally different in terms of the soul, its immortality, resurrection and life after death. It was not until the post-biblical times that the immortality of the soul came to be one of the main pillars of faith for the followers of Judaism. The Talmud points to resurrection as a dogma of faith (Sanh. 10:1; 90b-91a). In accordance with the Mishnah, and then with the Gemara ‘All Israel have a portion in the world-to-come’ (ibidem). But does it not conflict with the basic Rabbinic message of reward for good and punishment for evil based on biblical foundations that show the way to salvation by keeping the commandments? The Orthodox Judaism maintains both the faith in the resurrection of the flesh as part of the Messianic Redemption and the faith in the immortality of the soul after death. Reform Judaism, however, rejects the literal understanding of the resurrection of the body and is limited to the belief in the spiritual life after death.
PL
Streszczenie: Na określenie duszy stosuje się w judaizmie różne terminy występujące już w Biblii hebrajskiej: neszama, ruach, nefesz, jechida, chajja. Przejął je judaizm rabiniczny wyrosły na pniu judaizmu biblijnego, zasadniczo jednak różniący się w kwestii duszy, jej nieśmiertelności, zmartwychwstania i życia po śmierci. Dopiero w czasach pobiblijnych nieśmiertelność duszy stała się jednym z głównych filarów wiary dla wyznawców judaizmu. Talmud wskazuje zmartwychwstanie jako dogmat wiary (Sanh 10,1; 90b-91a). Zgodnie z Miszną, a następnie Gemarą ‘Cały Izrael ma udział w przyszłym świecie’ (tamże). Czy to jednak nie kłóci się z podstawowym przesłaniem rabinicznym mówiącym o nagrodzie za dobre i karze za złe czyny opartym na biblijnych podstawach wskazujących drogę do zbawienia przez wypełnianie przykazań? Judaizm ortodoksyjny utrzymuje zarówno wiarę w zmartwychwstanie ciał jako część mesjańskiego odkupienia, jak też wiarę w nieśmiertelność duszy po śmierci. Judaizm reformowany zarzuca jednak dosłowne rozumienie zmartwychwstania ciał i ogranicza się do wiary w duchowe życie po śmierci.
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