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1

Debt relief or exit: the long-term effects of forex loans on Latvian households

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Saulītis A.

Critical Housing Analysis

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2022

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vol. 9

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issue 1

48-56

EN

The stubborn decision of the Latvian government to join the eurozone at any cost put a great burden on Latvian households after the crisis of 2008. Nevertheless, no popular protest movement emerged to change the course of this decision. This study discusses why Latvians undertook individual strategies to cope with the forex loan crisis. Particularly, I look at the choice between formal debt relief procedures and emigration as alternative individual strategies for defaulted debtors. These programmes have not reversed the negative migration trends or significantly decreased the number of Latvian households in arrears. Debt discharge is mainly attainable for wealthy individuals who are able to mobilise their financial and kinship resources. Worse-off debtors cannot attain debt discharge or are stigmatised during the process. Alternatively, emigration has offered a way to cope with overindebtedness and keep up with mortgages and consumer loan payments for a much larger segment of the debtor population.

2

A few words on the modification of the ruling in the part concerning compensatory damages

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Bróżek P.

Problemy Prawa Karnego

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2022

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vol. 6

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issue 2

1-18

EN

An important issue that requires in-depth consideration in the context of the issue of enforcement of judgments on the obligation imposed on the perpetrator to compensate for the damage inflicted or to make reparation for the harm suffered by the aggrieved party is the issue of the possibility to modify them (change the manner, scope or even revoke them) in enforcement proceedings. This raises the question: Is the executing authority entitled to make any changes (and if so, what changes) to the part of the judgment that concerns the obligation to compensate for the damage or harm suffered? Whether or not on the grounds of criminal law it is permissible to apply the institutions regulated in Article 453 of the CC, that is, datio in solutum (the essence of which consists in the fact that an obligation expires if the debtor, with the creditor’s consent, performs another service in order to be released from it), as well as in Article 509 of the Civil Code, the so-called assignment of claims (under which the creditor may, without the debtor’s consent, transfer a claim to a third party, unless this would be contrary to the law, a contractual stipulation or the nature of the obligation) and in Article 365 of the CC, that is, alternate obligations, or even in Article 506 of the Civil Code, that is, renewal (novation)? Whether and which amendments, if any, may be made by the court on the basis of Article 13(1) of the EPC? How much influence does the will of the aggrieved party or the will of the offender have on the manner in which such an obligation is to be performed and any modification thereof? The issues outlined are, among others, the subject of a broader analysis within this publication.

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Nowa regulacja upadłości konsumenckiej jako instrument ochrony praw ekonomicznych konsumenta

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Czernicki P.

Problemy Zarządzania

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2016

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issue 1/2016 (58), t.2

138-155

PL

Zasadniczym celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba oceny wprowadzenia w 2014 r. w prawie polskim nowego modelu upadłości konsumenckiej jako instrumentu ochrony praw ekonomicznych uczciwych, zagrożonych stanem bankructwa konsumentów. W artykule scharakteryzowano ekonomiczne i społeczne konsekwencje posługiwania się tą instytucją oraz przedstawiono historię jej dotychczasowej regulacji w naszym systemie prawnym, wraz ze wskazaniem na ewolucję polityki legislacyjnej prowadzonej przez ustawodawcę w odniesieniu do upadłości konsumenckiej. Stwierdzono, że przed 2014 r. ustawodawcy nie udało się stworzyć skutecznego mechanizmu dla dokonywania oddłużenia osób fizycznych nieprowadzących działalności gospodarczej. Następnie przeprowadzono analizę uregulowań istniejących na gruncie aktualnego stanu prawnego. W rezultacie wyciągnięto wnioski, iż ustawodawca osiągnął podstawowy cel regulacji, jakim było poszerzenie zakresu ochrony interesów ekonomicznych polskich konsumentów.

EN

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the implementation in the Polish law of a new consumer bankruptcy model in 2014, as an instrument for the protection of economic rights of honest consumers who are, however, under threat of consumer bankruptcy. The article describes the economic and social consequences of the use of this institution and presents the history of its regulation in our legal system, also indicating the evolution of the legislative policy pursued by the legislature in relation to consumer bankruptcy. It was found that before 2014 lawmakers had failed to create an effective mechanism for debt relief for individuals not engaged in economic activity. Then, the existing regulations were analyzed based on the current state of the law. As a result, it was concluded that the legislator had achieved the primary objective of the regulations to broaden the scope of protection of the economic interests of Polish consumers.

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1 Critical Housing Analysis

1 Problemy Prawa Karnego

1 Problemy Zarządzania

1 Bróżek P.

1 Czernicki P.

1 Saulītis A.

2 2022

1 2016

Debt relief or exit: the long-term effects of forex loans on Latvian households

A few words on the modification of the ruling in the part concerning compensatory damages

Nowa regulacja upadłości konsumenckiej jako instrument ochrony praw ekonomicznych konsumenta