Tento článek se zaměřil na definice organizovaného zločinu, které jsou dostupné v české literatuře a využívané ve výzkumech. Představeny byly definice jednotlivých autorů, ale i významných mezinárodních institucí. Následně byly diskutovány i definiční znaky organizovaného zločinu, a nejčastější trestné činy, které jsou s organizovaným zločinem spojovány. Představeny byly i vybrané typologie tohoto fenoménu a diskuse vztahující se k negativním projevům organizovaného zločinu. Z hlediska bezpečnostní problematiky, a bezpečnostní kultury jednotlivých států, lze také konstatovat, že OZ lze jen obtížně eliminovat, nicméně lze poukázat na zvýšenou efektivitu postupů v případě mezinárodní spolupráce při boji s organizovaným zločinem.
The paper examines interjections and their position in the Czech language system, focusing on their definition and classification. We first concentrate on problematic transitions between interjections and paralinguistic cues (sounds) and then on the definition of interjections from three basic perspectives - morphological, syntactic and semantic. We review the concept of interjections in some Czech grammars and provide commentary and critical remarks regarding it. We conclude with the proposal of an all-embracing definition and a new classification of interjections.
The paper addresses most of the current problems in phraseology. General observations on the universal character of idioms and the major aspects of the topic are followed by critical analysis of a prototypical statement about the essential nature of idioms. Much of the analysis centres around the notions of analogy and anomaly. The paper considers the form of the idiom, its analysability, modifiability and metaphoric character, and then challenges the current views on these. Next, the discussion of the idiom and its meaning returns to metaphor and hypothetical decomposition and briefly summarises some of the semantic features of idioms. It suggests that the function of idioms, and the issues of their form and meaning, are best revealed through the character and type of their textual anomalies. The author then presents his views on idioms and their study, referring to analogy and anomaly, regular and irregular language and especially language combinatorics. His approach was tested on data collected for a comprehensive four-volume dictionary of Czech idioms. The paper describes types of combinations and the crucial notions of collocational and virtual paradigms. It offers and exemplifies definitions of idioms and a test for the identification of idioms in text, and a desideratum for further testing of the proposed theory.
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