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1

The Settlement of the Russian-Chinese Border Dispute

100%

Dmochowski T.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2015

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vol. 44

56-74

EN

The establishment of the PRC opened the new chapter in the Sino-Soviet/Russian relations. For many years the existence of the problem of the common border was not openly expressed. In 1957 the first announcements about the territorial disputes between USSR and PRC were issued in China. And in 1960 Zhou Enlai stated that there were insignificant disrepancies in the Russian and Chinese maps, very easy to solve. Over the next nearly 30 years the problem of determination of the border has become a victim of tense and hostile Soviet-Chinese relations and unproductive talks. Gorbachev’s rise to power in the Kremlin enabled to negotiate a solution to the Soviet-Chinese border problem. And consequently to sign “The agreement on the eastern section of the Sino-Soviet state border” on May 16, 1991. The agreement on the western section of the border was signed on September 3, 1994. The demarcation of the western section of the border was finished by Joint Russian-Chinese Demarcation Commission on September 10, 1998. After six years of negotiations on October 14, 2004 the Complementary Agreement on the Eastern Section of the China–Russia Boundary was signed in Beijing. On its basis the Russian side ceded the whole of Tarabarov island (ch. Yinlongdao), half of Bolshoy Ussuriyski (ch. Heixiazidao) and half of Bolshoy (ch. Abagaitu) island. Another halves of Bolshoy Ussuriyski and Bolshoy islands were kept by Russia. Both sides shared disputed territory almost equally. The ceremony of installation of the border landmarks between Russia and China on Bolshoy Ussuriyski island (on October 14, 2008) finished the long process of demarcation of the Russian-Chinese border.

2

The Problem of the Demarcation of the Border between Estonia and Russia in 1917–1920

100%

Materski W.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2020

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vol. 85

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issue 4

89-110

EN

The article addresses an important but little-known issue of the conflict over the demarcation of the border between Estonia and (Soviet) Russia in the years 1917–1920, which was important for the international order in North-Eastern Europe after the First World War. The dispute over this matter was much broader than just bilateral, as the normalization of the situation in the Baltic region conditioned the possibility of extending the international order established by the Treaty of Versailles to Eastern Europe. This issue has not received a separate monograph so far, although it was addressed in historical publications, especially in the countries directly concerned. The analysis of the state of research, confronted with primary sources, constitutes the base for the article. After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, Estonia quickly became an object of interest for the Bolsheviks, which almost ended up with the republic losing its independence. However, the politicians of the newly born Republic of Estonia showed great political skills by manoeuvring between Germany, the White and Red Armies, obtaining British aid and establishing military cooperation with Latvia, which was equally threatened. However, it was the Polish-Soviet War, which ended with the defeat of the Red Army, that turned out to be crucial. During disputes with the Whites and the Bolsheviks with regard to demarcation, Estonia successfully, at least in a shortterm perspective, defended its historical rights to the regions of Narva and Petseri against its aggressive neighbour. From the point of view of diplomatic possibilities, the Estonians achieved everything that was achievable. The peace treaty signed in Tartu in 1920 ensured ‘perpetual guarantees’ which, however, lasted only for less than two decades.

3

Rádl, Fischer a Rieger k fyzikálním otázkám

100%

Krob J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2012

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vol. 60

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issue 2, Special No: Hledání ztraceného času

177-184

EN

Drawing on the views of three selected Czech philosophers – Rádl, Fischer and Rieger – on questions of physics and their possible philosophical reﬂection, the author conjectures how these thinkers, consistent with their original views, might respond to currently discussed contemporary questions. Speciﬁcally, at the time of the conference, it was the then current problem of neutrinos and of their speed, which apparently had been measured at more than the speed of light. At issue are primarily methodological postures, views concerning the proper range of philosophy on the basis of which we can, given appropriate speculation, derive a highly probable stance which the selected philosophers represented and, more generally, their probable approach to contemporary issues.

4

Borders of the Central Asian countries under the international law

84%

Pietkiewicz M.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

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2017

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vol. 4(15)

30-42

EN

In the article the international legal status of the territory, and the territory of the state was ascertained, and the features of the legal status of a state border were identified. The main problem of the thesis is to show the causes of conflicts in determining the borders of the Central Asian states from the perspective of Russian scholars. The main issues of regulating international relations in the sphere of the delimitation of state borders under the international law in Central Asia are outlined.

RU

В статье рассмотрены международно-правовой статус территории, установ- ление территории государства, и определены особенности правового ста- туса государственной границы. Основная проблема статьи – показать при- чины конфликтов в определении границ Центрально-азиатских государств с точки зрения российских ученых. Изложены основные вопросы регули- рования международных отношений в сфере делимитации государственной границы в рамках международного права в Центральной Азии.

5

Alchemia pomiędzy pseudonauką a nauką. Studium historyczno-metodologiczne

84%

Kazibut R.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

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2012

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vol. 48

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issue 1 (191)

27-47

EN

Traditionally, alchemy is regarded as an example of pseudoscience. In this paper I dispute this view and demonstrate that the practice of alchemy, in many aspects, can be interpreted as an experiment in protoscience. In the first part of the article, I introduce William R. Newman’s and Lawrence Principe’s analyses about the etymological origin of alchemy, its historiography and the origin of the separation between alchemy and chemistry. In the second part of the article I discuss different aspects on the practice of alchemy in light of the issues encountered with the inter-subjective repeatability of the experiments and the methods used to publicize the findings. In addition to the examination of the subjects researched, I also review the systematic elements found in the theoretical considerations presented by the alchemists.

6

Demarkacja nauki i religii

67%

Meyer S. C.

Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy

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2009/2010

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vol. 6-7

177-196

PL

Demarkacja nauki i religii jest zagadnieniem szeroko dyskutowanym, nurtującym środowiska naukowe i filozoficzne od wielu dziesiątków lat. Uczeni chcieliby dysponować niezawodnym narzędziem umożliwiającym skuteczne odróżnienie obu tych dziedzin. Istnieją wprawdzie modele określające relacje pomiędzy nauką a religią: komplementaryzm oraz kompartmentalizm, jednakże współcześnie coraz częściej są one kwestionowane. W dodatku, wśród naukowców i filozofów nie ma zgody co do jednoznacznych kryteriów wytyczających granicę pomiędzy teoriami naukowymi a tymi, których za naukowe uznać nie można. Stephen C. Meyer w swoim artykule podjął się analizy prób wytyczenia linii demarkacyjnej pomiędzy nauką a religią. Prezentuje argumenty zwolenników idei ścisłego ich odseparowania oraz wskazuje mankamenty tego podejścia. Sugeruje, że zdefiniowanie kryteriów, na podstawie których można by oddzielić naukę od pseudonauki, jest wysoce problematyczne, jeśli nie niemożliwe. Większość współczesnych filozofów coraz bardziej skłania się ku uznaniu, że istotną kwestią nie jest to, czy teoria jest naukowa, ale to, czy jest prawdziwa lub czy ma uzasadnienie dowodowe. Meyer omawia ponadto osiągnięcia współczesnej filozofii nauki, zwłaszcza wyniki prac nad metodami nauk historycznych, które stosowane są także w dyskursach filozoficznych i religijnych. Na ich podstawie przyjmuje, że między różnorakimi teoriami pochodzenia, stanowiącymi przedmiot sporu kreacjonizmu z ewolucjonizmem, występują głębokie podobieństwa metodologiczne i logiczne. Pomiędzy kreacjonizmem i teorią inteligentnego projektu a naturalistycznymi teoriami ewolucji zachodzi - jego zdaniem - relacja "metodologicznej równoważności". Oznacza to, że jeżeli tylko o ich statusie poznawczym rozstrzyga się za pomocą tych samych kryteriów demarkacyjnych, to wszystkie te ujęcia uznać można albo za jednakowo naukowe, albo w równym stopniu nienaukowe.

EN

Author analyzes attempts to draw a demarcation line between science and religion. He presents arguments of proponents of the idea of strict separation of these domains and indicates flaws of this approach. He suggest also that defining the criteria which could serve as the basis of demarcation of science and pseudoscience is highly problematic, if not impossible. Most modern philosophers are more and more inclined toward to recognize that what is crucial is not whether a theory is scientific but whether it is true or evidentially justified. Author discusses also achievements of modern philosophy of science, especially the results of work on the methods of historical science which are applied also in philosophical and religious discourses. On the basis of this methods author concludes that there exist deep methodological and logical similarities between various theories of origin which are the core of creation-evolution controversy. In his opinion, there is relation of “methodological equivalence” between creationism, intelligent design theory and naturalistic theories of evolution. It means that if we determine their epistemic status on the basis of the same demarcation criteria, then all these approaches can be recognized as equally scientific or equally unscientific.

7

Problems of Enclaves from the Perspective of Interethnic and Interstate Relations in the Ferghana Valley

67%

Karinbayev Z.

Historia i Polityka

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2020

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issue 34 (41)

EN

The Ferghana Valley is the most densely populated part of Central Asia. The borders of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan intersect across the Valley. The state lines of these three post-Soviet states were determined during the national-territorial land division in the 1920s. Borders of these three post-Soviet states were drawn during the 1920s, which was a period of territorial land divisions in the early Soviet period. The boundaries drawn at that time have not been universally accepted by these modern post-Soviet states, and have thus become the subject of fierce debate since the time of their independence. This region has a high population density and a high growth rate. These facts, along with the water policies and the objectives of each state, has caused the Ferghana Valley to become a geographical focus of regional conflicts.Enclave problems appear as one of the factors leading to local conflicts at the interstate level. The purpose of this article is to classify Ferghana enclaves in accordance with international scientific definitions and to assess their impact in the context of relations between the kin- and surrounding states. This problem will be discussed from the perspective of interethnic and interstate relations in the Valley. The article shows the evolution of enclaves in Ferghana, their problems, the history of interstate relations in the post-Soviet period, the position and role of the Ferghana states in resolving disputes about the state borders.

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1 Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

1 Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy

1 Historia i Polityka

1 Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

1 Polish Political Science Yearbook

1 Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

1 Zapiski Historyczne

1 Dmochowski T.

1 Karinbayev Z.

1 Kazibut R.

1 Krob J.

1 Materski W.

1 Meyer S. C.

1 Pietkiewicz M.

2 2020

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2 2012

The Settlement of the Russian-Chinese Border Dispute

The Problem of the Demarcation of the Border between Estonia and Russia in 1917–1920

Rádl, Fischer a Rieger k fyzikálním otázkám

Borders of the Central Asian countries under the international law

Alchemia pomiędzy pseudonauką a nauką. Studium historyczno-metodologiczne

Demarkacja nauki i religii

Problems of Enclaves from the Perspective of Interethnic and Interstate Relations in the Ferghana Valley