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EN
Dendrochronological analyses undertaken in the 1990s allowed for the establishment of a new time-line in determining a more precise date for the origins of the Polish state. It appeared from these data that the creation of the Polish state occurred much later than it had been thought before. The formation of the early medieval state was initiated by vast and multi-faceted cultural changes occurring on the territory of the Gniezno plateau at the turn of the 9th and the 10th century. As the culminating point of that process, one can consider the consolidation of the local population in reaction to the threat posed by the outbreak of the great uprising of the Slavs along the Elbe River in 936-940.
Raport
|
2014
|
vol. 9
165-168
EN
The article presents the results of dendrochronological and radiocarbon datings for 2 archaeological sites. As a result, two dates were obtained on the basis of dendrochronological measurements and four radiocarbon.
EN
Paper presented the results of excavations conducted on the site Čierne zeme at Zvolen (Slovakia). Within the trench a segment of Hron river paleochannel was uncovered. It was partially filled with cultural sediments, which were naturally accumulated as a result of undercutting the banks of Hron during the periods of water surge. The trunks discovered within the sediments were radiocarbon dated to the time span between 2470 and 2280 BC. Besides them cultural layer yielded also some stone artifacts and collection of pottery fragments. The second one represent mainly the cultural traditions (e.g. Makó-Kosihy-Čaka culture) from the turn of Eneolithic and Bronze Age periods, what corresponds well with the radiocarbon dating of wood. Described site is another settlement point dated to this period in the Zvolen Basin. Younger group of pottery originates from Modern Era (16th-17th century AD) and may be connected with existence of communication route running along Hron river.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie okoliczności odkrycia łodzi jednopiennej wydobytej z rzeki Bug w pobliżu wsi Stary Bubel oraz prezentacja wyników badań i działań konserwatorskich, którym ją poddano. W swym opracowaniu autorzy zwracają szczególną uwagę na konieczność właściwego zabezpieczania drewnianych zabytków archeologicznych, wydobywanych z mokrego środowiska zalegania. Jego brak lub popełnione w tym zakresie błędy prowadzą do nieodwracalnych zmian struktury zabytkowych obiektów. Ich ilustracją są opisane w tekście artykułu uszkodzenia łodzi, będące wynikiem „sezonowania” zdegradowanego drewna w budynku gospodarczym. Co więcej, wysuszenie obiektu uniemożliwia lub zmniejsza skuteczność jego stabilizacji wymiarowej, która stanowi podstawę konserwacji mokrego drewna archeologicznego.
EN
The aim of this article is to provide information on the circumstances of discovery of a log boat and its retrieval from the Bug River near the village of Stary Bubel and to present research results and undertaken conservation measures. In their article, the authors emphasize that wooden archaeological artefacts recovered from a wet environment where they lay must be secured in a proper way. Objects of historical value which are not secured or are secured incorrectly are easily affected by irreversible structural changes. Illustration of alterations described in the article are damages of the boat, which has been resulted from being “seasoned” in a farm building. Moreover, after becoming dry, an object can no longer be stabilized dimensionally or its stabilization is not effective. In the case of waterlogged archaeological wood, dimensional stabilization is the most important part of the conservation process.
EN
Against the background of the surviving paintings dating from the period under the rule of the Teutonic Order, the Virgin and Child from the church of St James in Toruń (now the Diocesan Museum in Toruń, inv. no. MDT-M-007) must be seen as a unique example of a Gothic panel painting, referring to the Bohemian Beautiful Style circa 1400. In specialist literature, it is dated to between 1430 and 1440 and is considered to be a compilatory work by a master settled in Prussia, who combined elements of Bohemian painting with artistic influences derived from the Netherlands (e.g. Rogier van der Weyden) or from Cologne. On the basis of recent  comparative research supported by analyses based on non-invasive methods (NIR, UV, XRF, dendrochronology based on macrophotography of annual growth rings), the painting must be recognised as produced in Toruń about 1410 (the felling of the tree dated to 1404, preparation of the support: at least +2 years). It bears clear features of Bohemian painting in its composition, style, technique of execution and overall impact, but it also shows a significant individual trait (in the details of iconography and costume, the depiction of figures, and technological details). It constitutes a document of the artistic activity in Toruń ca. 1400 and the religious needs of the local circles; it is also an important element in the history of the reception of the imagines de Praga in Central Europe.
PL
Na tle zachowanych dzieł malarstwa z okresu krzyżackiego Madonna z Dzieciątkiem z kościoła św. Jakuba w Toruniu (ob. Muzeum Diecezjalne w Toruniu, nr inw. MD T-M- 007) jawi się jako unikatowy przykład gotyckiego obrazu tablicowego wysokiej klasy, nawiązującego do czeskiego stylu pięknego ok. 1400. W literaturze jest datowana na lata 1430–1440 i uważana za kompilatorskie dzieło mistrza osiadłego w Prusach, łączącego elementy malarstwa czeskiego z wpływami sztuki niderlandzkiej (Rogiera van der Weydena) lub kolońskiej. W świetle prowadzonych ostatnio badań porównawczych, wspomaganych technikami nieniszczącymi (NIR, UV, XRF oraz dendrochronologia z wykorzystaniem makrofotografii przyrostów rocznych), obraz ten należy uznać za dzieło wykonane w Toruniu nie później niż ok. 1410 r. (datowanie ścinki drewna: 1404, wykonanie podobrazia +2). Nosi on wyraźne cechy malarstwa czeskiego w kompozycji, stylu i technice wykonania oraz ogólnym oddziaływaniu, ale też wykazuje istotny rys indywidualizmu (w detalach ikonografii i kostiumu, ujęciu postaci, szczegółach technologicznych). Jest dokumentem działalności artystycznej w Toruniu ok. 1400 r. oraz religijnych potrzeb lokalnego środowiska, a także ważnym ogniwem w dziejach recepcji imagines de Praga w Europie Środkowej.
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