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Kościół i Prawo
|
2023
|
vol. 12
|
issue 2
229-242
EN
The proper operation of justice requires cooperation of society as the entity jointly responsible for the security of the state. The perfect expression of this is the duty to report a committed crime, which rests with anyone who has credible information about a prohibited act. We distinguish civic and legal duties as well as punishable failure to report a crime. The considerations undertaken are aimed at answering the question: in what situations a clergyman is bound by the above duties, and when he can evade them? Further, what are the consequences of violating these duties with regard to the seal of confession by which the priest is bound. Confession is not the only form of contact between the faithful and the clergyman, but it is the only one that enjoys protection, so the question is whether pastoral conversation and spiritual guidance can benefit from the protection related to professional secrecy. It is crucial to have these questions answered from the perspective of a believer who entrusts his secrets to a clergyman, in confidence that they will always be protected.
PL
Prawidłowe działanie wymiaru sprawiedliwości wymaga współdziałania społeczeństwa, które jest współodpowiedzialne za bezpieczeństwo państwa. Doskonałym wyrazem tego jest obowiązek zawiadomienia o popełnionym przestępstwie, który spoczywa na każdym, kto ma wiarygodną wiadomość o czynie zabronionym. Wyróżniamy obowiązek społeczny, prawny oraz karalne niezawiadomienie o przestępstwie. Rozważania podjęte mają na celu udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie: w jakich sytuacjach duchowny związany jest powyższymi obowiązkami, a kiedy może się od nich uchylić? Jak też, jakie konsekwencje powoduje naruszenie tych obowiązków w odniesieniu do tajemnicy spowiedzi, którą duchowny jest związany. Spowiedź to nie jedyna forma kontaktu wiernego z duchownym, ale tylko ta korzysta z ochrony, pytanie zatem, czy rozmowa duszpasterska, przewodnictwo duchowne mogą korzystać z ochrony związanej z tajemnicą zawodową. Udzielenie odpowiedzi na te pytania ma kluczowe znaczenie z perspektywy wiernego, który powierza swoje tajemnice duchownemu sądząc, że zawsze będą one chronione.
EN
‘We got to know each other through our eyes…’ Research on Strategies for the Survival of Jewish Women Functioning above ‘Ground’ on the Aryan Side in Occupied Krakow and its Surroundings The purpose of this article is to show the survival strategies and the everyday life of Jewish women living on the so-called Aryan side in occupied Krakow and its surroundings. Ego-documents are the core source: relations and diaries collected in the Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, the Archives of Yad Vashem in Jerusalem and the Archives of the Metropolitan Curia in Kraków. A thorough analysis of the phenomenon is very complex, therefore this article only discusses the fate of the Jewish women who co-existed amongst Polish society rather than those who did not have ‘Aryan documents’ or could be betrayed by their appearance, and were thus forced to remain in hiding the whole time. The article not only pays attention to the survival strategies and ways in which they disguised their origins and identities, but it also explores the everyday life, family relationships, work and religious life of these women. The author’ s aim was not to analyse aid provided to Jewish women by non-Jews, or symmetrically, to synthesise problems regarding the selling out of Jews in occupied Krakow. Both issues do appear in the article, but rather as background to the individual cases, since they were, in fact, inseparable elements of any survival strategy on the Aryan side in the GG ‘capital’. The article also notes the absence of certain topics in the interviews, related to the daily life of Jewish women in hiding, which makes a more comprehensive analysis difficult.
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