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EN
The article discuss a thesis stating that the most credible “markers” of peripherality constitute indicators referring to demographic changes, particularly depopulation related to migration, the resulting decrease in the size of population, and consequently changes in the population density. Such an assumption is based on the commonly acknowledged fact that the most intensive depopulation occurs in areas distinguished by low quality and level of life resulting from restricted accessibility and a low level of socio-economic development. The presented hypothesis is verified by analysis of maps presenting demographic changes in Poland after World War II.
PL
Strefy peryferyjne zaznaczają się w przestrzeni w różnej skali terytorialnej, począwszy od kontynentalnej, poprzez krajową, aż po regionalną i lokalną. W każdym przypadku, można podać szereg wskaźników, które są wyznacznikami peryferyjności, tzn. dowodzą istnienia odmiennych, zazwyczaj niekorzystnych cech pewnych obszarów w odniesieniu do obszarów rdzeniowych. W niniejszym artykule, autorzy stawiają hipotezę, że jednymi z najlepszych i najbardziej wiarygodnych „markerów” peryferyjności są wskaźniki odnoszące się do zmian ludnościowych, przede wszystkim odpływ migracyjny ludności, będące jego konsekwencją spadki liczby ludności i ostatecznie zmiany w gęstości zaludnienia. Przedstawiony pogląd autorzy postanowili zweryfikować na podstawie analizy map przedstawiających zmiany demograficzne we wschodniej Polsce po II wojnie światowej. Obszar ten powszechnie jest uważany za peryferyjny, zarówno w skali Unii Europejskiej, jak i samego kraju, a za wiodącą przyczynę zachodzących tam zmian ludnościowych uważa się niekorzystne położenie i niski stopień rozwoju ekonomicznego. Artykuł składa się z dwóch zasadniczych części. W pierwszej przedstawiono przesłanki, ze względu na które Polska Wschodnia jest traktowana jako obszar peryferyjny. Ponadto, posługując się przykładem województwa lubelskiego, w skrócie opisano główne przyczyny takiego stanu, zarówno te wynikające z przeszłości obszaru, jak i związane z obecną sytuacją społeczno-gospodarczą. W drugiej część artykułu zaprezentowano mapy ilustrujące obszary peryferyjne w Polsce oraz zmiany w liczbie ludności i gęstości zaludnienia w Polsce w latach 1946-2012. Zestawienie tych map ma na celu porównanie zasięgów stref peryferyjnych, określonych na podstawie wieloczynnikowych badań, z mapami zmian ludnościowych. Umożliwi to weryfikację postawionej tezy, iż zmiany w rozmieszczeniu ludności mogą być traktowane jako wiarygodny wskaźnik peryferyjności.
EN
The aim of this paper is an attempt of explanation basic factors of depopulation in case of cities in Poland in the 20st and in the beginning of 21st century. Author takes into consideration only large urban centers with population more than 50 thousands inhabitants. Population changes are described according to historical periods: 1900-1946 (including World War II), postwar period (1946-1989) and period socio-economic and political changes in Poland (1990-2010). A key question is basic thesis that different determinants of depopulation have two sources: internal as well as external ones. Some of them arise only in defined periods and social-economic conditions. The most important have been underlined in this paper. It has been highlighted that is visible different between simply depopulation of cities as consequence of military operations, for example and contemporary urban shrinkage as an effect of compound social-economic background. Paper gives some reflections on different possibilities for defense of cities not only against consequences of the second demographic transition but also functional changes, especially in case of larger post-industrial centers. Important question that have been underlined in paper is problem of urban shrinkage as contemporary dimension of depopulation. Presented information clearly shows that in demographic terms process of contemporary shrinkage is comparable with urban demographic decline of the WW2 period.
EN
In this article the authors analyse the regional peculiarities of Lithuanian rural settlements’ function change. The article pays attention to the methodological problems that appear while analysing rural settlements. Also, in the article it is pointed out the soviet heritage of rural settlements functions’. Apart from that, the article stresses the main factors that influence rural territorial development and the change of settlements’ functions. It was defined that “urbanizing” of economy and concentration of residents around the cities influences the decline of links of residents‘ with the place where they live and where they work. Such situation also determines the decline of functional dependence of rural settlements’. In future it should emerge stronger relations between living and working place. Apart form that, it emerges new and diverse territorial structure that is more dependant on local factors. References 33. Figs 5. Table 1. In Lithuanian, summary in English
EN
Population decline confronts almost all the countries ofCentral and Eastern Europe. Total world population may be declining before the end of this century. Despite that, is a neglected topic in demography, its analysis and its consequences overshadowed by the problem of population ageing. This paper shows that population decline is a diverse phenomenon. The process of decline, and its end-product of smaller population size, have different consequences. Modest rates of decline may be manageable and scarcely perceptible. Smaller population size may be irrelevant to most aspects of political, social and economic welfare and beneficial for environment and sustainability. In the future, adaptation to it may in any case become unavoidable.
EN
The object of the research undertaken in the article is to present the currently increasing demographic phenomena: depopulation and population ageing in Poland and their spatial differentiation, as well as their impact on the financial situation of municipalities. The authors used methods typical of social sciences, such as methods of empirical cognition. Correlation and regression analyses were used to demonstrate the impact of population size and structure on the revenues and expenditures of municipalities. The results indicate a significant differentiation of the described phenomena between municipalities in Poland and the relationship between specific categories of own revenue and current expenditures and the number of population. The relationship between the analysed variables is visible primarily in the case of shaping own revenue.
EN
This paper discusses the expanding phenomenon of international mobility to the rural areas of Europe. First it extends the theoretical discussion of international mobility to rural regions and presents comparatively the ‘northern’ and ‘southern’ European models of migration as well as the implications of these migration flows upon the rural areas of Europe. The paper moves to the case of Greece presenting research results related to the implications of the migratory phenomenon upon the rural economy and society and to the issues of migrant mobility and integration. Finally, the paper projects the implications of the present economic crisis upon the migrant populations and their countries of origin and raises issues of policy to counter depopulation trends and to support rural sustainability.
EN
The paper presents spatial differentiation and causes of depopulation processes that began in Magadan Oblast in the Russian Far East after the fali of the Soviet Union. In the region under investigation, depopulation is very intensive. The analysis of changes in population in the lower-lever administrative units allows for showing the differences in spatial distribution of depopulation in individual regions [“rayons”]. During the research surveys, allowing for a fuller understanding of the conditions and the process of depopulation, were conducted.
EN
Based on identifi ed contacts and crises in rural Moravia, and using the explicitly obvious symbolism of traditional rural culture, this paper presents folklorism as a symbolic system, utilized in late 19th-century rural Moravia within three often overlapping ideological discourses: Czech nationalism and conservatism (often founded in religion), as well as emancipation tendencies of the countryside, even if in reality, the ideologies had often overlapped. The paper concludes that in our attempt to understand the shared folklorism in late 19th-century rural Moravia, we need to take into consideration the as yet overlooked crisis of the countryside, caused by emerging industrialization and urbanization. One of its symptoms was the depopulation of the countryside, which had either outright destroyed some parts of rural Moravia, and created a pressure in others. In relatively wellpreserved, suffi ciently populated rural communities, this could have created conditions suitable for utilizing the symbolic potential of folklorism to emphasize the merits and virtues of rural life and present the countryside as a suitably cultured space for living.
EN
The Mothers’ Index was developed in 1998 and has been in use for ranking countries since 2000. The author advocates that this indicator should not only be used for cross-country analysis of maternal and child health but also as be part of the demographic indicators of national security in Belarus. A grouping of more developed countries in terms of the Mothers’ Index is proposed. The Mothers’, the Women’s and the Children’s Indices from 2007 to 2009 are calculated for Belarus, the post-Soviet countries and some EU countries.
EN
The article depicts changes in the approach to designing the residential environment which occurred in the 20th century due to the development of social studies as well as changes that should be expected nowadays as a result of the phenomenon of aging society. It touches upon basic targets that should be met by the built environment suitable for people at different ages, it also historically depicts the way in which the approach to programming housing estates has changed along with the typology of constructing flats as a result of the development of psychology, envi- ronmental sociology and ergonomics. In the contemporary approach, it has been assumed that housing estates are built especially for young people and they have been equipped with infrastructure which is indispensable for families with small children. With regard to depopulation and aging society, one should commence interdisciplinary research on the model of estates and flats that are adjusted to the needs of people at different ages, including elderly peo- ple. Due to the fact that at our disposal there are now various types of residential developments, prone in various ways to depopulation and aging of inhabitants, one should devise various conceptions for the redevelopment approach which requires that such solutions be preceded by a series of interdisciplinary researches. This article proposes making this type of research more specialized.
EN
Shrinkage, depopulation and the related structural decline threaten development trajectories of more than a quarter of European territories from the present until 2050. In April 2021, the European Commission has launched the Conference on the Future of Europe to involve citizens and players beyond the traditional actors in shaping future policy agendas. The initiative consists of a wide-scale citizen engagement policy offering them a digital framework to actively contribute to the most relevant debates from April to December 2021. Given that shrinkage is a neglected theme in traditional policy arenas, this article examines the proposals of European citizens for reviving the future of shrinking areas. Through content analysis, the article highlights a limited relative presence of shrinkage in the Conference debate. Nevertheless, the results offer insights into the thematic concentration and the affinity of shrinkage with the most popular policy debates. The article also discusses the content of citizens’ ideas for the future of shrinking areas, thus offering concrete proposals that may fuel the definition of future policy agendas.
EN
In this paper there are presented results of the research which indicate that metropolises could “wash out” of economic resources from intermetropolitan regions which as a consequence may experience many problems, one of which could be a depopulation. One of the factor of the depopulation are educational migrations involving the transfer of young people in order to enter the higher education institution to other centers (metropolises). In the situation when educational migrations transform into non-return migration it may contribute to the depopulation of the region and can lead to slow down the development of the intermetropolitan regions changing such areas to peripheries.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań świadczące o „wypłukiwaniu” kapitału ludzkiego z regionu międzymetropolitalnego przez sąsiadujące z nim regiony metropolitalne. Jednym z czynników wpływających na proces wyludniania się regionu są migracje edukacyjne polegające na transferze młodzieży do innych silnych ośrodków w celach podjęcia tam nauki, w szczególności studiów wyższych. O ile przeistoczą się one w migracje definitywne, w znacznym stopniu przyczynić się mogą do depopulacji i być jednocześnie zagrożeniem w rozwoju regionu międzymetropolitalnego.
EN
The main aim of the paper is to analyze the changes in the number and age structure of the northern macroregion population (formed by Pomorskie, Kujawsko‑Pomorskie, and Warmińsko‑Mazurskie voivodships) and their assessment in terms of the advancement of demographic old age in both decades of the 21st century. An additional goal was an analysis of the studied areas from the point of view of intensity of the factors of growth and decline in the population. The study employed relative indices, relative frequencies as well as fix base indices. The analyzes were based on the Central Statistical Office statistical data on the population structure by age, as well as the natural and migratory movement of the population in voivodships, poviats, and municipalities of the northern macroregion. In the northern macroregion, the advancement of demographic aging, as well as the intensity of natural and migratory population events, is highly diversified within regions. Relatively younger areas are mainly rural municipalities located near cities, while the oldest ones are mainly cities or municipalities located on the outskirts of voivodships or far away from cities. Relatively the most favorable demographic situation can be observed in the Pomorskie Voivodship, while the least favorable one in the Warmińsko‑Mazurskie Voivodship.
PL
Podstawowe cele artykułu to analiza przemian w stanie i strukturze wieku populacji obszarów makroregionu północnego (tworzonego przez województwa pomorskie, kujawsko‑pomorskie i warmińsko‑mazurskie) i ich ocena pod względem zaawansowania starości demograficznej w dwóch pierwszych dekadach XXI wieku. Cel dodatkowy stanowi ocena natężenia czynników wzrostu i ubytku populacji w badanych obszarach. W badaniu wykorzystano wskaźniki natężenia i struktury oraz indeksy dynamiki. Podstawę analiz stanowiły dane GUS z zakresu struktury populacji według wieku oraz ruchu naturalnego i migracyjnego ludności w województwach, powiatach i gminach makroregionu północnego. W makroregionie północnym zaawansowanie starości demograficznej, podobnie jak natężenie zdarzeń z zakresu ruchu naturalnego i migracyjnego ludności, jest wysoce zróżnicowane wewnątrzregionalnie. Relatywnie młodsze obszary to przede wszystkim gminy wiejskie zlokalizowane w pobliżu miast, najstarsze zaś to głównie miasta lub gminy położone na obrzeżach województw lub peryferyjnie względem miast. Stosunkowo najkorzystniejszą sytuacją demograficzną odznacza się województwo pomorskie, najmniej korzystną zaś warmińsko‑mazurskie. Gminy cechujące się najwyższym zaawansowaniem starości demograficznej to najczęściej obszary doświadczające corocznego ubytku populacji.
EN
The aim of the article was to present the depopulation process of Finnish Lapland against the background of the whole of Finland and the European Union. The possible effects of this process have also been analyzed. The research was based on official statistics on the demographics of Finland and demographic forecasts compiled by Finnish scientific institutions. The results of the analyzes indicated that, apart from a few urbanized areas, Finnish Lapland will be depopulated in the coming decades. The depopulation of the region will endanger the functioning of the local government units in Lapland. At the same time, the activities aimed at increasing the demographic balance have not brought the assumed effects so far.
PL
Celem artykułu było przedstawienie procesu wyludniania się fińskiej Laponii na tle całej Finlandii i Unii Europejskiej. Przeanalizowane zostały również możliwe skutki tego procesu. Badania zostały przeprowadzone na podstawie oficjalnych danych statystycznych dotyczących demografii Finlandii oraz prognoz demograficznych opracowanych przez fińskie instytucje naukowe. Wyniki analiz wskazały, że poza nielicznymi obszarami zurbanizowanymi, fińska Laponia w ciągu najbliższych dekad będzie się wyludniać. Depopulacja regionu będzie zagrażać funkcjonowaniu jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w Laponii, gdyż dotychczasowe działania mające na celu poprawienie bilansu demograficznego regionu nie przyniosły zakładanych efektów.
EN
The article is based on the literature review and authors’ own studies and aims to present the process of depopulation on the Polish-Czech border, with particular emphasis on the southern part of the Dolnośląskie and Opolskie voivodeships. The causes and phases of depopulation in the historical context were presented the spatial differentiation of its size and dynamics was indicated, and the spatial, functional and landscape effects of demographic changes were discussed, including disappearance of buildings and entire settlement units. The contemporary causes of depopulation of rural areas include mainly: ineffective agriculture, lack of non-agricultural jobs or their seasonality, difficult access to basic services, limited trade network, etc. The consequence of depopulation is decapitalization and devastation of rural buildings. The progressive degradation of traditional rural buildings (large residential buildings, large-scale farm buildings, farm layouts) results to a large ex- tent from its mismatch with the contemporary needs of the inhabitants, who are mostly not farmers. The progressive decline of buildings in rural areas results in the fragmentation of the morphological systems of villages. Moreover article also discusses the possibilities of preventing the negative effects of depopulation of the rural areas in the Polish-Czech border area.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zjawiska depopulacji na pograniczu polsko-czeskim, na przykładzie południowej części województwa dolnośląskiego i opol- skiego. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy, oparty na studiach literaturowych i dotych- czasowych badaniach autorów w tym zakresie tematycznym. Omówiono przyczyny i fazy depopulacji w kontekście historycznym, wskazano na przestrzenne zróżnicowanie jej wielkości oraz skutki przestrzenno-funkcjonalne i krajobrazowe, m.in. zanikanie zabudo- wy i całych jednostek osadniczych. Ponadto przedyskutowano możliwości zapobiegania negatywnym skutkom depopulacji na pograniczu polsko-czeskim.
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