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Zespół dewocjonaliów z wykopalisk na cmentarzu przy kościele pw. św. Barbary na Starym Mieście w Częstochowie

100%

Młodkowska-Przepiórowska I.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

2018

issue 33

207-245

In 2015, during the reconstruction of Nadrzeczna Street and Bohaterów Getta Square, in the area of the intersection with Jaskrowska Street, it was made the discovery of human bone remains. As a result of the rescue investigations undertaken, an area of approximately 550 square meters was tested. They were discovered among others relics of foundations, made of broken limestone and remains of the cemetery. The historical research showed that these foundations were relics of the St. Barbara church, around which there was a churchyard cemetery called „the cemetery outside the city” in the sources. At the remains they were found rosary beads, medallions, crosses, single glass beads, iron buttons, bronze and bone coins, hooks, buckles, pieces of cloth and textile and haberdashery ornaments. Particularly noteworthy is the collection of religious items. The collection of devotional items includes 14 exhibits. It is a diverse collection in terms of morphological and stylistic, and above all iconographic. Metal medallions and crosses were made from non-ferrous metals in casting or minting techniques. The minted medallions were made from thin badges. Glass medallions were made from two glass panes, bound in a metal frame, between which there was an image reflected on the paper. The remains of rosaries are beads, differing in terms of size, colors and shapes. Only in 9 graves it was managed to set the position of devotional items on the remains of the deceased. Most often, devotions were found at the height of clasped hands folded in the lap. Other places where devotional items are found are: around the head, around the clavicle, around the thigh – above the knees and at the feet level. The subject of images on medallions and crosses is diverse. The sets of images on the obverses and other sides are also interesting. On one picture of a glass medallion it was identified the figure of Saint Josef. The figure of St. Benedict was on two medallions. The figure of St. John the Baptist was presented on one of the most carefully made cast medallions. On its other side it was recognized St. Nicholas. On the next medal, the figure of St. Francis of Paola was identified. St. Francis of Assisi appears on a very poorly legible paper picture. On the medal lion we can see St. Wojciech. On its other side there is a figure of the Guardian Angel holding the child by a hand. Burning Hearts are presented on a cast medal, on the other side of the medal with St. Wojciech. The most popular were the medallions with images of Christ and the Virgin Mary. The Polish images of the Mother of God should be taken in account, first of all, Madonna of Jasna Góra from Częstochowa. On the medallions and crosses except the characters, there are legends – inscriptions, only in Latin, made them by majuskuła with sheriffs. Most often, the medallions were „signed” by the name of the saint. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they were gladly supplied with medallions with the patrons of good death. In determining the chronology of devotional items from the church cemetery at the church of Saint Barbara, a wide chronological framework was adopted, corresponding to the period of use of the cemetery and the church, from the 17th century to probably the beginning of the 19th century. Częstochowa was the center of worship of Our Lady of Jasna Góra. It can be assumed that most of the medallions with images of the Virgin of Częstochowa, and perhaps even all of them, were probably created in Częstochowa.

The Saint Benedict Cross or the Saint Benedict Medal Based on a Find from Archaeological Research in Gniew (Pomerania Province)

51%

Michalik J.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

2020

issue 35

167-187

W 2015 r., podczas badań archeologicznych wokół kościoła w Gniewie (woj. pomorskie), znaleziono drobny fragment blaszki, która po oczyszczeniu w czasie zabiegów konserwatorskich okazała się być krzyżykiem. Wykop zlokalizowany był na zewnątrz, niedaleko ściany prezbiterium. Badania w tym miejscu potwierdziły wnioski wysunięte w poprzednich latach badań, że teren wokół kościoła użytkowany był jako cmentarz. O długim użytkowaniu cmentarza świadczyły licznie odkryte pochówki, przecinające się jamy grobowe i ossuaria, czyli miejsca w których gromadzono szczątki ludzkie po oczyszczeniu z wcześniejszych pochówków z obszaru cmentarza i kościoła. Dewocjonalia, czyli między innymi medaliki, krzyżyki, szkaplerze czy sznury modlitewne, są związane z religią chrześcijańską długą tradycją. Ich znaleziska podczas badań wykopaliskowych w kościołach i na cmentarzyskach mogą świadczyć, że były one popularne wśród społeczeństw późnego średniowiecza i nowożytności. Niestety, krzyżyk nie zachował się w całości. Trudno jest ustalić czy brakujące uszko oraz fragmenty dwóch belek uległy uszkodzeniu w czasie jego użytkowania przez właściciela, czy też stało się to przez procesy korozyjne po zdeponowaniu w ziemi. Pierwsze źródła pisane o samym medaliku pochodzą z ulotki informacyjnej datowanej na 1664 r. Przedstawia ona świętego Benedykta z gestem błogosławieństwa i medalik z charakterystycznym krzyżem i literami. Jedną z najważniejszych prac o medaliku świętego Benedykta jest dzieło z roku 1862, autorstwa Prospera Guèrangera. Medaliki i krzyżyki św. Benedykta są także znane z wielu inwentarzy zabytków z badań cmentarzysk, głównie z okresu nowożytności. Krzyżyki św. Benedykta w formie zbliżonej do krzyża kawalerskiego zostały odnalezione między innymi w Maniowach na Podhalu, Gliwicach, Lubiniu pod Kościanem, Wrocławiu czy Częstochowie. Mimo upłynięcia ponad trzech i pół wieku od pojawienia się pierwszej informacji o medaliku, a ponad sześciu od pierwszej wzmianki o jego symbolice, to nadal medalik cieszy się dużą popularnością wśród chrześcijan. Zapewne informacje o cudach, jakie dzieją się za jego pośrednictwem, nie są już głównym motywem osób go noszących, tak może stanowić on swego rodzaju amulet, który ma chronić noszącego przed złem. Pomimo nadal dość skromnej literatury odnośnie do dewocjonaliów św. Benedykta pozyskanych ze stanowisk archeologicznych, należy liczyć, że wraz z postępem badań zostaną rozwiane niejasności odnośnie do miejsc produkcji, czy też bardziej szczegółowych zależności w wyglądzie między samymi krzyżykami i medalikami.

In 2015, during archaeological research conducted around the church in Gniew (Pomerania Province), a small fragment of a metal plate was found. After it was cleaned as part of restoration it turned out to be a cross. The excavation was located outside, near the chancel wall. Research conducted there confirmed the conclusions drawn in previous years, i.e. that the church grounds had been used as a graveyard. The fact that the graveyard had been used for a long time was proved by numerous burials, overlapping grave pits and ossuaries, meaning places where human remains were gathered after earlier burials in the graveyard and the church had been emptied. Devotional items, including medals, crucifixes, scapulars, and prayer ropes, have been long connected with the Christian tradition. The fact that they are found during excavations in churches and graveyards may indicate that they were popular in Late Middle Ages and in the Modern Era. Unfortunately, the cross has not been preserved whole. It is difficult to determine whether the missing loop and two fragments of the horizontal bar were damaged when it was used by its owner or as a result of corrosion taking place after it had been deposited in the ground. The first written sources concerning the medal itself come from an information leaflet dated to 1664. It depicts Saint Benedict in a gesture of benediction and a medal with a characteristic cross and letters. One of the most important works on the Saint Benedict Medal is the work by Prosper Guèranger from 1862. Saint Benedict medals and crucifixes are also known from many inventories of artefacts compiled during research conducted in graveyards, mostly from the Modern Era. Saint Benedict crosses in a form resembling a knight’s cross were found in, among others, Maniowy in Podhale, Gliwice, Lubiń near Kościan, Wrocław, and Częstochowa. Despite the three and a half centuries that have passed since the first information about the medal appeared, and the six centuries since the first mention of its symbolism, it is still very popular among Christians. Most probably, information about the miracles happening thanks to it are no longer the main reason why it is worn but it can be a kind of an amulet protecting against evil. Despite rather scarce literature on Saint Benedict devotional items found at archaeological sites, one should expect that as research progresses, doubts about the manufacturing places or more detailed relationships between the appearance of crosses and medals will be dispelled.

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2 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

1 Michalik J.

1 Młodkowska-Przepiórowska I.

1 2020

1 2018

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Zespół dewocjonaliów z wykopalisk na cmentarzu przy kościele pw. św. Barbary na Starym Mieście w Częstochowie

The Saint Benedict Cross or the Saint Benedict Medal Based on a Find from Archaeological Research in Gniew (Pomerania Province)