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Polish Settlement in Manchuria (1898-1950). A Brief Historical Survey

100%
Borysewicz M.
Studia Polonijne
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2018
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vol. 39
125-166
PL
Pod koniec XIX wieku rozmaite względy geopolityczne, militarne, polityczne i ekonomiczne skłoniły władze carskiej Rosji do prowadzenia polityki masowej kolonizacji Dalekiego Wschodu. Proces ten doprowadził do pojawienia się licznych słowiańskich enklaw w północno-wschodnich Chinach poczynając od końca 1890 roku. W konsekwencji północna Mandżuria stała się ostatnim ważnym miejscem spotkań europejskich osadników i azjatyckich mieszkańców pogranicza obejmującego Imperium Rosyjskie i Cesarstwo Chin. Europejskie osadnictwo w Mandżurii odcisnęło głębokie piętno na zmieniającym się krajobrazie tego regionu w najbliższym półwieczu. Na początku XX wieku wielu Polaków wyemigrowało na Daleki Wschód w poszukiwaniu lepszych warunków życia. Udało im się znaleźć pracę przy budowie Kolei Wschodniochińskiej i obsłudze nowej linii kolejowej. Inni znaleźli zatrudnienie jako lekarze, inżynierowie, bankierzy i prawnicy. Tym sposobem, w przeciwieństwie do innych środowisk polonijnych, grupa ta w dużej mierze składała się z zamożnych i wykształconych osób.
EN
During the late nineteenth century, geopolitical, military, political as well as economic considerations combined to induce the Tsarist government to pursue a policy of mass colonization of the Far East. This process led to the appearance of numerous Slavic enclaves in Northeastern China from the late 1890s onwards. As a consequence, northern Manchuria became the final major meeting point between European settlers and Asian inhabitants of the borderland encompassing Tsarist Russia as well as Imperial China. The European settlement in Manchuria was to leave profound imprints on the region’s changing landscape for the next half-century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, numerous Poles migrated to the Far East in pursuit of better economic conditions. They found work building the Chinese Eastern Railway and remained behind to help operate the line. Others were employed as physicians, engineers, bankers and lawyers. In this way, unlike other Polish diaspora communities, this grup largely comprised wealthy and educated individuals.
2
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WSPÓŁISTNIENIE DIASPOR POLSKIEJ I UKRAIŃSKIEJ NA TERENIE MANDŻURII W LATACH 1898-1950. ZARYS PROBLEMU

100%
Borysiewicz M.
Ars inter Culturas
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2018
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vol. 7
35-62
EN
In the first half of the twentieth century, Manchuria occupied a special place in the Chinese scenery. More importantly, the land distinguished itself with a conflict-free multiculturalism. Further, it was a territory lying immediately in the borderland between Slavic and Chinese spheres of influence with all ensuing consequences. Poles and Ukrainians constituted an important part of this cultural melting pot, involving a fusion of nationalities and ethnicities. Undoubtedly, Ukrainians as well as Poles in Northeastern China contributed greatly to the cultural enrichment of the inhabited area. Regrettably, the sociocultural activities of numerous Polish and Ukrainian communities scattered across the region came to a sudden halt with the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945. Therefore, this text is devoted primarily to the study of Polish and Ukrainian settlement in Manchuria.
3
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Diaspora polska i inne diaspory europejskie w Południowej Afryce w okresie apartheidu - Formy kontaktów i współpracy

100%
Żukowski A.
Forum Teologiczne
|
2015
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vol. 18 - Komunikowanie w Afryce. Endo- i egzogeniczne aspekty. Etniczność – kultura – religia
215-253
EN
At the beginning of the paper brief presentation of the demographic data of South African population during apartheid period (1948–1994) with the special attention to the white population and white immigration to South Africa is made. Then the white ethnic groups, first of all the European Diasporas (history, wave of immigration, number and main organizations) and separately the Polish Diaspora are depicted. The analysis is focused on the forms of contacts between the Polish Diaspora and other European Diasporas determined by policy of apartheid and own history and culture. Special attention is drawn into contacts and cooperation between the Polish and Hungarian Diasporas associations in South Africa.
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Sytuacja społeczna kobiet na Dalekim Wschodzie utrwalona w czasopismach i wspomnieniach Polaków na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

100%
Jaszewska E.
Studia Polonijne
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2019
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vol. 40
123-144
PL
Walka z niesprawiedliwością względem kobiet toczyła się na Dalekim Wschodzie od setek lat, jednak ich położenie uległo poprawie dopiero w pierwszych dekadach XX wieku. Bodźcem do usamodzielnienia się tamtejszych kobiet stały się liczne przekłady literatury europejskiej z końca XIX wieku. Głównym postulatem stawianym przez rzesze Chinek i Japonek było przyznanie kobietom praw wyborczych, co stało się możliwe dopiero pod koniec lat czterdziestych XX wieku. Mimo wszystko kobiety Dalekiego Wschodu nie zrezygnowały ze swoich dążeń, uzyskując szereg znaczących praw, między innymi majątkowych, spadkowych, a także w dziedzinie nauki i pracy. Polacy z zaciekawieniem przyglądali się walce Chinek i Japonek o równouprawnienie, co uwidoczniło się w artykułach publikowanych zarówno w Polsce, jak i zagranicą.
EN
The fight against injustice affecting women has been going on in the Far East for hundreds of years, however their position improved only in the first decades of the twentieth century. The stimulus for the emancipation of local women came from numerous translations of European literature dating back to the late nineteenth century. The main demand put forward by the masses of Chinese and Japanese women was aimed at giving them the right to vote, which turned out to be possible only at the end of the 1940s. Nevertheless, women in the Far East did not give up their efforts, obtaining a number of significant rights, regarding property, inheritance, as well as education and labor. Poles were curious to watch the struggle for gender equality in China and Japan, which was largely reflected in articles published both in Poland and abroad.
5
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Geneza skupisk polskich w Szwecji

80%
Muciek E.
Facta Simonidis
|
2012
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issue 5
7-30
PL
Polskę i Szwecję łączy ponad tysiąc lat wzajemnych kontaktów. Pierwsze sięgają jeszcze okresu przedpaństwowego obu krajów. Następne dotyczą związków dynastycznych i wiążą się z osobami Świętosławy, Eryka, Katarzyny Jagiellonki, dynastią Wazów. Jednakże osadnictwo Polaków praktycznie rozpoczęło się po powstaniu styczniowym, a niewielkie kolonie polskie utworzyły się dopiero przed I wojną światową. Większy napływ Polaków miał miejsce w czasie II wojny światowej oraz w całym powojennym okresie Polski Ludowej. Wzmożone przyjazdy wiążą się z połową lat pięćdziesiątych, marcem 1968 roku, dekadą lat siedemdziesiątych oraz emigracją stanu wojennego. Szwedzka Polonia szacowana jest współcześnie na ok. 100 tysięcy osób. Polacy zamieszkują wszystkie szwedzkie województwa. Największe skupiska tworzą w aglomeracjach Sztokholmu, Malmö i Göteborga. Uznawani są za nową mniejszość, jedną z sześciu największych wśród ponad sześćdziesięciu grup imigrantów.
EN
Poland and Sweden have shared mutual relationships for more than a thousand years. The earliest date back to the period before the creation of the two countries. The subsequent relations involved the union of dynasties including people such as Svietoslava, Eric, Catherine of the Jagiellonian dynasty and the Vasa dynasty. But in fact Polish settlements in Sweden started appearing after the January Uprising and small Polish colonies formed just before the First World War. Greater influx of Poles had taken place during the Second World War and in the post-war period of Polish People’s Republic, as well as during the mid-fifties of the 20th century, in March 1968, the decade of the seventies and after the martial law had been imposed. There are about 100,000 Polish people living in Sweden nowadays. Poles live in all Swedish provinces. The largest clusters have been formed in metropolitan areas such as Stockholm, Malmö and Gothenburg and are considered as a new minority; one of the six largest minorities among more than sixty immigrant groups in Sweden.
6
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Cmentarze polskie na Syberii. XIX–XXI w.

80%
Leończyk S.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
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2018
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vol. 27
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issue 4
9-31
EN
The scientific purpose of the article “Polish cemeteries in Siberia in the 19th–20th centuries” is to present the history of Polish necropolises in this region. The main reason of the emergence of such necropolises is moving of Poles to the Asian part of the Russian Empire. The first separate cemeteries were founded at the initiative of the Catholic Church which was active in large centers of Siberia such as Irkutsk, Yekaterinburg and Tomsk at the beginning of the 19th century. At those Catholic cemeteries were buried the representatives of German, Lithuanian and other European nationalities, but the number of Polish burials averaged about 90%. The towns which had no separate Catholic cemeteries allocated special parts of common cemeteries to bury Catholics. The first research on this topic was done by Agaton Giller. It was entitled “Polish tombs in Irkutsk” and published in Cracow in 1864. Periodically this topic was mentioned in different articles published in magazines of interwar Poland. In the Russian Empire representatives of other nationalities and denominations were allowed to make burials in separate cemeteries. But during the Soviet period such cemeteries were systematically destroyed, especially the ones which were situated in the city boundary. The exceptions were the burials considered to be worthwhile by the Soviet authorities, for example the tombs of revolutionists and Decembrists. Such burials were transferred to city squares and walkways. With the destruction of Catholic necropolises there was a simultaneous closure of Catholic churches and other cultural institutions. For example the Catholic necropolises of Tomsk and Irkutsk were destroyed irretrievably. Nowadays Polish burial sectors are saved in cemeteries of Perm, Tobolsk and Krasnoyarsk. Individual tombs are also situated in cemeteries of Ufa, Minusinsk and Novosibirsk. The burials made during the Second World War are to be classified as a separate group. Basically, these are the tombs of deported citizens from the eastern regions of Poland. In the southern Ural and the Volga region there are military cemeteries of soldiers and officers of General Vladislav Anders’ Army. Polish rural cemeteries also form a separate group. A well-preserved cemetery of the Despotzinovka village in the Omsk region is especially noteworthy because it represents a typical Polish cemetery. Nowadays representatives of the Polish Diaspora and Funds united in the Congress of Poles in Russia, take care of the majority of those necropolises.
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