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Intersectionality of ethnicity and gender: exploring Romani women’s performance in education

100%
Cukrowska-Torzewska E.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2014
|
issue 36
51-89
EN
This paper examines Romani women multiple disadvantage in education. Three main educational outcomes are analyzed: obtaining secondary or higher education, dropping out from the school and having an ability to read and write. The empirical analysis is based on the data coming from two unique datasets on Roma carried out by the UNDP, i.e. 2004 UNDP Regional Roma Survey and 2011 UNDP/ WB/EC regional survey on Roma communities. The results show that variables measuring family background are the key observable factors that explain ethnic gaps in education. On contrary, the gender gaps in education - both among Roma and non-Roma – cannot be explained by the differences in men’s and women’s characteristics and may be attributed to other unobservable factors such as cultural customs and values. The comparison of the existing gaps over 2004- 2011 reveals that some progress in terms of educational performance of Roma has been achieved. Similar patterns are however found for Romani women and men, leaving Romani women still in a more disadvantaged position.
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Evaluating Poland’s Family 500+ Child Support Programme

84%
Premik F.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
|
2022
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vol. 310
|
issue 2
1-19
PL
W artykule zbadano bezpośredni wpływ wprowadzenia programu świadczeń Rodzina 500+ na podaż pracy gospodarstw domowych w Polsce. Ze względu na uniwersalny charakter programu standardowe metody ewaluacji programów mogą zwracać niezgodne oszacowania. W celu zachowania pożądanych własności statystycznych w artykule zaproponowano nowe podejście łączące strategię estymacji difference- -in-difference (DID) z wagami bilansującymi rozkłady zmiennych towarzyszących (tzw. CBPS, Imai, Ratkovic [2014]). Podejście to rozwiązuje potencjalne problemy z brakiem spełnienia równoległych trendów, a także zmniejsza skalę obciążenia wynikającego z różnic pomiędzy jednostkami pobierającymi i niepobierającymi świadczeń. Wyniki wskazują na zaniedbywalny wpływ programu na podaż pracy w kwartałach następujących bezpośrednio po wprowadzeniu programu.
EN
I investigate the immediate effects of the introduction of a large-scale child benefit programme on the labour supply of household members in Poland. Due to non-random eligibility and the universal character of the programme, standard evaluation estimators may be inconsistent. In order to address this issue, I propose an approach that combines difference-in-difference (DID) propensity score based methods with the covariate balancing propensity score (CBPS) approach developed by Imai and Ratkovic [2014]. The DID estimators exploit the time dimension to uncover the causal effect of interest. The CBPS method is expected to significantly reduce the bias resulting from systematic differences between treated and untreated subpopulations. I also account for potential heterogeneity among households by focusing on comparisons between locally defined subpopulations of individuals, which jointly provide a comprehensive view on the overall impact. I find that on average previously employed mothers maintain their labour supply although there are heterogeneous weak responses depending on the age of the youngest children. Additionally, mothers who did not work before the introduction of the programme are even less likely to do so having received the benefit. The fathers’ labour supply remained mostly unaffected by the programme, with the exception of previously unemployed fathers, who tend to work more often having received the benefits. This finding may suggest that the programme strengthens the traditional division of household roles, with the male being the main earner.
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