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Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2012
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vol. 17
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issue 3
83-95
EN
The article deals with the infl uence of the parent-child task-oriented communication style on the child’s behaviour during public performance. The research was based on children’s public performance and the analysis of mother-child task-oriented communication. The results show that children of mothers who have a high task partnership level, low annoyance, and who are less awkward deal better with diffi culties. Those children are more successful in tasks connected with collaboration with their parent. It could also be stated that children from the above-mentioned group are more task-oriented during public performance
EN
Interpersonal conflicts arising between children are not only difficult for children themselves, but also for teachers responsible for conducting educational and didactic activities with children. Empirical studies (based on the diagnostic survey method: interviews with children, questionnaires for teachers) conducted among one hundred preschool teachers working with six-year-olds, and among one hundred preschoolers, have revealed that a considerable percentage of the surveyed teachers underestimate the importance of children’s conflict situations in their educational activities. The teachers are mostly unaware of the developmental dimension of conflicts, and they emphasise mainly the negative impact of such situations on children (46%), often punishing their pupils – as claimed by six-year-olds – for becoming engaged in a dispute (48%). The teachers also fail, to a significant extent, to reflect upon incidents of conflict, be it reflection upon the situation in the course of action or reflection upon the action with the benefit of hindsight. Results obtained in the studies demonstrate that the teachers do not show their pupils what a constructive dispute is about, and do not teach them any ways to resolve a conflict situation in an integrative manner – in cooperation with other interaction partners. They also fail to explain the meaning of dialogue in the conflict process to children, despite claiming to do so (81%). The findings may imply that although teachers know which constructive procedures should be used in situations of conflict between children, they do not put their knowledge into practice because, e.g., they are not competent enough to do so.
5
63%
EN
The psychological and pedagogical literature, especially the one that refers to criminogenic behaviours, shows that difficult situations belong to factors, which often have a significant impact on the behaviour that is not compatible with the binding standards. According to J.K. Gierowski (1996, p. 137 and n.) the culprit is a person who, being in a difficult situation, tries to solve their problems arising therefrom in a disadvantagous way both for them and for others, breaching the generally adopted rules of behaviour. Depending on a development stage it is possible to indicate various sources of difficult situations. In the literature the attention is turned to the fact that for adolescents one of the main sources of difficult situations (stress) are the following: school and relations with peers and with parents (see Talik, Szewczyk 2009). The aim of the research presented in this article was to establish types of school situations that are perceived by pupils as difficult and which can generate violent behaviour. The execution of this task has not only cognition dimension, but also the application one.
PL
Literatura psychologiczna i pedagogiczna, szczególnie odnosząca się do zachowań kryminogennych, wskazuje, że sytuacje trudne należą do czynników, które często mają istotny wpływ za zachowanie niezgodne z obowiązującymi normami. Według J.K. Gierowskiego (1996, s. 137 i n.), sprawcą przestępstw jest osoba, która będąc w sytuacji dla siebie trudnej, próbuje rozwiązać swoje problemy z nią związane w sposób niekorzystny zarówno dla siebie, jak i innych, naruszając ogólnie przyjęte zasady postępowania. W zależności od etapu rozwojowego można wskazać na odmienne źródła sytuacji trudnych. W literaturze przedmiotu zwraca się uwagę, że dla adolescentów jednym z głównych źródeł sytuacji trudnych (stresu) są: szkoła, relacje rówieśnicze i relacje z rodzicami (zob.: Talik, Szewczyk 2009). Celem prezentowanych w niniejszym artykule badań było ustalenie typów sytuacji szkolnych postrzeganych przez uczniów jako sytuacje trudne, mogących generować u nich zachowania o charakterze przemocy. Realizacja tego zadania ma nie tylko wymiar poznawczy, ale również aplikacyjny
PL
Artykuł zawiera autorską koncepcję ujęcia stylów relacyjnych oraz strategii rozwiązywania sytuacji trudnych w obszarze zawodowym. Badaniami objęto kierowników średniego i wyższego szczebla jednej z dużych korporacji w Polsce. Dokonano diagnozy stylu relacyjnego oraz spostrzegania przez menedżerów sytuacji trudnych z zakresu ich obszaru zawodowego. Następnie przeprowadzono proces szkoleniowy, którego celem była modyfikacja stylów relacyjnych, kreowanie stylów „partnerskiego” i „trenerskiego” oraz relacyjnych modeli zachowań w sytuacjach trudnych. Po szkoleniach dokonano ponownej oceny stylu relacyjnego kierowników i porównano z tym, który reprezentowali przed szkoleniem. Zmiany okazały się bardzo znaczące.
EN
The paper presents the original concept of relational styles and strategies of dealing with difficult situations in professional area. The research was carried out in a group of middle and senior managers of one of the large corporations in Poland. The relational styles represented by the managers were diagnosed as well as their perception of difficult situations in the professional activity. The diagnosis was followed by the training process. The aim of such a process was to modify the relational styles, create the “partnership” and “coaching” styles as well as relational models of behavior in difficult situations. After the training the relational styles of the managers were reassessed and compared to the ones represented before the training. The changes proved to be significant.
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