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Blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies - legal and tax aspects .

100%
Słapczyński T.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej
|
2019
|
issue 1
31-36
EN
The main objective of the paper is to provide an answer to the question whether new technologies such as blockchain that enter various spheres of public life are safe for users and what impact they have on national legislations. Cryptocurrencies, which are based on blockchain technology, can be used as a means of payment, investment or capital accumulation. Therefore, blockchain becomes more and more popular. The main research method used in the paper consists of the analysis of legislation and jurisprudence as well as linguistic and purposive interpretation which affects the functioning of blockchain and cryptocurrencies. The introductory part of the paper contains a general historical outline and basic principles related to blockchain technology. Real and potential threats posed by the discussed technology are also discussed in the paper as well as the question whether governments or, more broadly, the international community, offer sufficient level of protection against risks related to the use of new technologies such as blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Using blockchain to streamline logistic activities or to speed up transactions is useful in itself, but in the hands of private entities the technology may pose a risk of losing funds if not properly secured. The financial market is and should be supervised and controlled by the state which is the guarantor of economic freedom. Another vital question is whether legislators keep up with the advances in technology. It seems that the development of blockchain technology triggers development of new legal regulations. The more blockchain technology enters everyday life, the more legal documents appear in the form of case law, legal provisions, opinions etc. The role of these documents is to regulate, define and specify new technologies as they appear.
2
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Will IT Technologies and Globalisation Change the Mechanism of Money Creation?

86%
Sławiński A.
Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance
|
2019
|
issue 4(50)
5-14
EN
Objectives: The article addresses the question about whether IT technologies and the ongoing globalisation are likely to impact the money creation mechanism. Research Design & Methods: For this purpose, the article reviews the experiences of free banking, the endeavours to promote the bitcoin as a new currency, the discussions on digital currencies issued by central banks, the experiences with Eurodollar market, and the emergence of imbalances in the TARGET2 (the Eurozone payment system). Findings: The analysis leads to two general findings. The first one is that cryptocurrencies are unlikely to replace the existing monetary system. The second one is that the increasing globalisation creates the need for the most important central banks to expand their role as international lenders of last resort. Implication / Recommendations: One implication of the main findings of the paper is that cryptocurrencies will have to go through a long evolution before they might have a chance to become an integral part of the monetary systems instead of being purely speculative assets. The other implication is that the experiences with the TARGET2 system revealed the ECB’s large potential to prevent sudden halts in international trade. Contribution / Value Added: The article’s added value with regard to the existing literature is highlighting that the main reason why the deposit money created by commercial banks (making the bulk of money supply today) will not be replaced by cryptocurrencies stems mainly from the fact that the latter cannot be allocated in an economically rational way. The other contribution is underscoring that the TARGET2 imbalances reflected the positive role played by the ECB in alleviating the consequences of the global banking crisis of 2007-2009 and the Eurozone debt crisis of 2010-2012.
3
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Kryptowaluty i waluty cyfrowe w polskich oraz międzynarodowych uwarunkowaniach prawno-gospodarczych

72%
Ryś D.
Studia Ekonomiczne. Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo, Środowisko
|
2023
|
issue 2/2023 (12)
112-124
EN
The modern world, based largely on broadly understood computerization, places more and more demands on people in terms of new, digital forms of exchange. With the introduction of the cryptocurrency "Bitcoin", the perception of money as a physical element used to express the value of a given good has changed. With this change, it became necessary to adapt national law in Poland and other countries to the applicable conditions. Observation and analysis of this phenomenon allows us to check which countries are coping with this new trend better and which are worse. Moreover, it allows us to determine the level of technical advancement of a given country in this aspect. It is particularly important to emphasize the role of Poland, the European Union, Great Britain, the United States and China and to indicate far-reaching conclusions for the future in the development of cryptographic currencies and central bank digital currencies (CBDC).
PL
Współczesny świat, oparty w dużej mierze na szeroko pojętej informatyzacji, stawia przed ludźmi coraz szersze wymagania m.in. w zakresie nowych, cyfrowych form wymiany. Wraz z wprowadzeniem do obiegu kryptowaluty „Bitcoin” zmieniło się postrzeganie pieniądza jako fizycznego elementu służącego do wyrażania wartości danego dobra. Wraz z tą zmianą konieczne stało się przystosowywanie krajowego prawa w Polsce oraz w innych państwach do obowiązujących warunków. Obserwacja i analiza tego zjawiska pozwalają sprawdzić, jakie państwa radzą sobie z tym nowym trendem lepiej, a jakie gorzej, jak również stwierdzić poziom zaawansowania technicznego danego kraju w tym aspekcie. Szczególne istotne jest tu podkreślenie roli Polski, Unii Europejskiej, Wielkiej Brytanii, Stanów Zjednoczonych oraz Chin i wskazanie daleko idących wniosków na przyszłość w zakresie rozwoju walut kryptograficznych oraz walut cyfrowych CBDC.
4
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Digital currencies and financial literacy: essay on sustainable finances’ perspectives

51%
Baltgailis J., Meņšikovs V., Šipilova V.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2023
|
issue 2
7-24
EN
Nowadays, financial system is experiencing both technological and organizational changes. Moreover, the efforts to develop financial sector have to be in align with sustainability principles, especially, paying attention to financial stability, financial inclusion and climate change. Scientists and practitioners consider digital currencies as initiative of Fintech, which may be possible tool for developing sustainable finances. At the moment, opinions concerning positive and negative effects from digital currencies on financial system are shared. Additionally, technological and organizational changes of financial system have to be clear and understandable for society, i.e. potential customers of financial services. In the article, the authors consider the stimuli for possible changes in financial system, present positive and negative peculiarities of today’s development tendencies, and indicate encouraging and hindering factors for application of digital currencies. Stability of financial system, financial data privacy, competition, appropriate business models are the issues, which are at the core of discussions devoted to the modern changes in financial system. In the light of modern changes in financial system, special attention has to be devoted to financial literacy. The article provides novelties in the field of sustainable finances. First, the article aims to join discussions on technological solutions for development of sustainable finances with focus on digital currencies and financial literacy. Second, the article analyses both academic and gray literature. Third, additional novel contribution of the article relates to the educational purpose, i.e. to present sustainable finances’ perspectives for wide audience of researchers, practitioners, and students.
LV
Mūsdienās finanšu sistēma piedzīvo gan tehnoloģiskas, gan organizatoriskas pārmaiņas. Turklāt, finanšu sektora attīstībai ir jānotiek saskaņā ar ilgtspējas principiem, īpašu uzmanību pievēršot finanšu stabilitātei, iekļaujošiem finanšu pakalpojumiem un klimata pārmaiņām. Zinātnieki un praktiskās jomas pārstāvji uzskata digitālo valūtu par finanšu tehnoloģiju iniciatīvu, kura var kalpot par iespējamo instrumentu ilgtspējīgo finanšu attīstībai. Šobrīd viedokļi par digitālās valūtas pozitīvo un negatīvo ietekmi uz finanšu sistēmu dalās. Turklāt, finanšu sistēmas tehnoloģiskām un organizatoriskām pārmaiņām ir jābūt skaidrām un saprotamām sabiedrībai, t.i., potenciāliem finanšu pakalpojumu klientiem. Rakstā autori aplūko stimulus, kuri veicina iespējamās pārmaiņas finanšu sistēmā, iepazīstina ar mūsdienu attīstības tendenču pozitīvām un negatīvām īpatnībām un norāda uz digitālās valūtas pielietošanu veicinošiem un kavējošiem faktoriem. Finanšu sistēmas stabilitāte, finanšu datu privātums, konkurence, piemēroti uzņēmējdarbības modeļi – tie ir jautājumi, kuri atrodas mūsdienu finanšu sistēmas pārmaiņām veltīto diskusiju centrā. Ņemot vēra mūsdienu pārmaiņas finanšu sistēmā, īpaša uzmanība ir jāpievērš finanšu pratībai. Raksta jauninājumi finanšu ilgtspējas izpētes jomā ir saistīti, pirmkārt, ar iesaisti diskusijās par tehnoloģiskiem risinājumiem ilgtspējīgo finanšu attīstībā ar akcentu uz digitālo valūtu un finanšu pratību. Otrkārt, rakstā tiek analizēta gan akadēmiskā, gan pelēkā literatūra. Treškārt, raksta papildus jauninājums ir saistīts ar izglītojošo mērķi, t.i. prezentēt ilgtspējīgo finanšu perspektīvas plašākai pētnieku, praktiķu un studējošo auditorijai.
RU
В настоящее время финансовая система переживает как технологические, так и организационные изменения. Более того, усилия по развитию финансового сектора должны соответствовать принципам устойчивости, особенно в области финансовой стабильности, финансовой доступности и изменения климата. Ученые и практики рассматривают цифровые валюты, как инициативу финансовых технологий, которая может послужить возможным инструментом для развития устойчивых финансов. На данный момент мнения о положительном и отрицательном влиянии цифровой валюты на финансовую систему разделяются. Кроме того, технологические и организационные изменения финансовой системы должны быть обоснованными и понятными обществу, то есть потенциальным потребителям финансовых услуг. В статье авторы рассматривают стимулы возможных изменений в финансовой системе, представляют положительные и отрицательные особенности современных тенденций развития, указывают стимулирующие и сдерживающие факторы для применения цифровой валюты. Стабильность финансовой системы, конфиденциальность финансовых данных, конкуренция и подходящие бизнес-модели – вопросы, которые лежат в основе дискуссий, посвященных современным изменениям финансовой системы. В свете современных изменений финансовой системы особое внимание должно уделяться финансовой грамотности. Новизна данной статьи в области исследования устойчивых финансов проявляется, во-первых, в присоединении к дискуссиям о технологических решениях для развития устойчивых финансов с акцентом на цифровые валюты и финансовую грамотность. Во-вторых, в статье анализируется как академическая, так и серая литература. В-третьих, дополнительная новизна статьи связана с образовательной целью, т.е., представить широкой аудитории исследователей, практиков и студентов перспективы развития устойчивых финансов.
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