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Język Polski
|
2012
|
vol. 92
|
issue 5
402
PL
W artykule autor krytykuje nadużywanie zdrobnień w języku polskim.
EN
The article is a critique of the excessive use of diminutives in Polish.
EN
The aim of this paper is a review of most common situations in which children use diminutive forms in Polish, excluding the reference to the smallness of an object being pointed at, illustrated with the examples of the usage of diminutives, collected by the author of this paper. The examples are taken from everyday conversations of children aged 2-10. It is claimed that children imitate adult speech and borrow certain features, such as the usage of diminutive forms, as they shape their language mainly following the example of relatives. As the review shows, children use diminutives in various contexts, from establishing emotional contact with other children or their toys, familiarizing themselves with the reality and everyday life, or diminishing their fault to even flattering or buttering up the hearer.
EN
The paper attempts to specify the function of diminutives in folk songs, and to find to what degree they can be considered a reliable source in the reconstruction of the linguistic image of the world. The starting point are the findings of Jerzy Bartmiński who distinguished five main functions of diminutives in folk songs: intellectual (communicating smallness), emotional (communicating endearment), rhythm-creating, rhyme-creating, and structural-poetic (signalling the style of the folk song: affectionate, tender, and noble). An analysis of lyrics where diminutives appear frequently and, unusually for them, in contexts of pejorative nature (e.g. in the wife’s description of how she killed her husband: zabiłam go drewienkiem w komórce pod okienkiem), allows the author to formulate a hypothesis that the structural-poetic function of diminutives is not only to establish a “tender and gentle” style in order to evoke positive emotions (create a positive image of the world), but also to evoke negative emotions (and create a negative image of the world). In pejorative texts, partially desemantized diminutives with their conventional tenderness and gentleness, can either soften the evil and the horror of the depicted world, neutralize negative emotions, or they can create such a sharp contrast with the “heartless” story which is being told, that the evil and dread of the world are intensified together with negative emotions. But this diversity of functions that diminutives can play in folk songs, ther partial desemantization and conventionality, render them particularly difficult to analyze, and a reasearcher of the linguistic image of the world should approach them with caution.
EN
Introduction In most languages diminutive formation is the first pattern of word formation to emerge. The main reason for this seems to be the pragmatic functions of endearment, empathy, and sympathy, which make diminutives particularly appropriate for child-centered communication. This is especially true for things belonging to the child's world, which the caretakers tend to refer to using diminutives. The frequency of diminutives in the input as well as in the output of children clearly depends on the pragmatic role of diminutives in the respective language. In addition, their greater degree of morphological productivity and transparency, as well as their phonological saliency, favors the use of diminutives (Savickienė & Dressler 2007). Research of the languages where an extensive use of diminutives was noted induced some scholars to advance the hypothesis to the effect that the use of diminutives simplifies the acquisition of nominal declension (Olmsted 1994; Savickienė 2001; Kempe et al. 2001).Aim of the study This paper explores the hypothesis that diminutives in child-directed speech provide multiple cues for language acquisition. Diminutives in Lithuanian present an interesting case not only in terms of pragmatics and semantics (a feature which is shared by Lithuanian as well as other languages), but also from a language-specific point of view.Materials and methods The following discussion is based on analysis of data from a longitudinal corpus of a Lithuanian girl. For the present study we have chosen to analyze the girl's speech covering the period from 1;7 to 2;6. The corpus consists of almost 35 hours of recordings. The choice of the period was influenced by the fact that the child's onset of morphological development can be dated approximately around the age of 1;7 and continues until the age of 2;6, which marks the phase of morphology proper (Savickienė 2003). The recorded speech was transcribed according to the requirements of CHILDES (MacWhinney 2000).Results and conclusions The study suggests that the early and frequent use of diminutives by the Lithuanian child is due to the fact that it not only decreases word-ending variance (restricting the number of paradigm patterns to 3 instead of 12 declension classes), regularize stress patterns, but also facilitates the acquisition of case inflections.
EN
The subject matter of the article is the analysis of suffixation of diminutives in the variety of Spanish spoken in Mexico City. The practical part is preceded by theoretical considerations. The aim of the study, based on an electronic corpus (Corpus Sociolingüístico de la Ciudad de México), is the identification of the functions of diminutives used in different situational contexts. The study focuses on statements made by Mexicans at the age of 20-34. Apart from linguistic factors, the sociolinguistic aspects such as sex and education level of the informants are analysed.
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PL
Artykuł stanowi przegląd najbardziej powszechnych kontekstów użycia w języku polskim zdrobnień przez małe dzieci, z wyłączeniem odniesień związanych z małym rozmiarem danego przedmiotu. Ilustrowany jest przykładami użycia tych form, zebranymi przez autorkę artykułu, a zaczerpniętymi z codziennych rozmów dzieci w wieku od dwóch do dziesięciu lat. Uważa się, że dzieci imitują mowę dorosłych oraz zapożyczają od nich pewne cechy, kształtując w ten sposób swój własny język. Przegląd pokazuje, iż dzieci używają zdrobnień w różnorodnych kontekstach, począwszy od nawiązywania kontaktu emocjonalnego z innymi dziećmi czy swoimi zabawkami, oswajania się z otaczającą ich rzeczywistością i życiem codziennym, czy też umniejszania swoich przewinień, aż do schlebiania swojemu rozmówcy.
EN
The aim of this paper is a review of most common situations in which children use diminutive forms in Polish, excluding the reference to the smallness of an object being pointed at, illustrated with the examples of the usage of diminutives, collected by the author of this paper. The examples are taken from everyday conversations of children aged 2-10. It is claimed that children imitate adult speech and borrow certain features, such as the usage of diminutive forms, as they shape their language mainly following the example of relatives. As the review shows, children use diminutives in various contexts, from establishing emotional contact with other children or their toys, familiarizing themselves with the reality and everyday life, or diminishing their fault to even flattering or buttering up the hearer.
Język Polski
|
2015
|
vol. 95
|
issue 4
342-353
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań są problemy z klasyfikowaniem historycznych (szesnastowiecznych) jednostek reprezentujących pojęciową kategorię nazw narzędzi. Dało się zaobserwować znaczną liczbę derywatów tworzonych za pomocą sufiksów z podstawowym -k-, wśród których często znajdowały się formacje tautologiczne względem podstawy. W tekście wskazuje się, że problem jest ciągle otwarty: w historycznej polszczyźnie derywaty tautologiczne oraz deminutywne występują paralelnie i często rozstrzygnięcie, czy do czynienia mamy z funkcją deminutywno-ekspresywną, czy tylko strukturalną, jest bardzo trudne, jeśli nie niemożliwe.
EN
The main subject of consideration in this paper is the problem of classifying a large number of 16th century Polish derivatives representing the conceptual category of nomina instrumenti. The analysis revealed that during this period many of these words, formed with affixal -k-, were derivatives representing only the tautological function of the suffix. There is another problem to discuss — how to distinguish between diachronic expressive-diminutive and structural affixal functions.
PL
This study deals the use of personal names among Slovakia Hungarians. The bilingual environment of Slovakia Hungarians affects their use of personal names. Bilingual persons can choose names from a larger set of names. Choosing a variant of a personal name from one language or the other can depend on several factors: the communicative domain, the communication partners, the social or linguistic context etc. The dimensions of time, space and society play an important role in the change anddiversity of personal names. A Hungarian dominant use of names characterizes Slovakia Hungarians in the informal domains, and Slovak dominant use in the formal domains. A dual use of names or bi-naming can characterize a dual identity, however, most people employ this as a pre-emptive strategy trying to avoid a possible language or communication problem by using the form conforming with the majority norm in a majority language context and the form conforming with the minority norm in a minority language or informal context. Personal names have an identity marking function, and can indicate the language affiliation and nationality of their bearer.
EN
The text presents an analysis of diminutives with regard to problems of their use by non-na­tive speakers, exemplified by native speakers of Polish. The reason of this specific comparison is the formal and semantic closeness of the two languages, which is often the cause of negative transfer. The analysis is based on the comparison of parallel Czech and Polish texts included in the InterCorp corpus and is further supported by the elicitation of the use of selected lexemes by Polish students.
RU
Текст представляет собой анализ диминутивов в связи с проблемами их использования неносителями языка, соответственно польскими носителями языка. Причина этого специфи­ческогосравнениясвязана с формальной и семантической близостью двух языков, которая является источником отрицательного переноса. Анализ основан на сравнении параллельных чешских и польских текстов, включенных в корпус InterCorp и в дальнейшем поддерживается выявлением использования выбранных лексем польскими студентами.
RU
На новейшем материале русского и польского языков, представ-ленном в Интернете, рассматриваются лексические единицы, имеющие отношение к вызвавшему пандемию коронавирусу. Оценочность выбранных единиц, главным образом негативная, но также ироническая, насмешливая и др., что находит отраже-ние, в первую очередь, в формах деминутивов, реже аугментативов, и в атрибутивно окрашенных сочетаниях слов. Встречаются и, соответственно, характеризуются также определения иного типа, построенные по моделям, активно действующим в каждом из двух языков. Предпринятое сопоставление позволило сделать вывод о большей активности, а тем самым, и множественности выбранных единиц для русского языка, характеризующегося, по сравнению с польским, более гибкой, подвижной и регулярно используемой в речи системой структурного образования окрашиваемых оценочно форм.
EN
Based on the Internet resources, the article presents language units related to coronavirus and the resulting epidemic. Evaluation included in the analysed units, predominantly negative, ironic and mocking etc., is reflected mainly in diminutives, less frequently in augmentatives as well as in collocations with evaluative adjectives. Apart from them, there are also other terms constructed on the basis of active models in each of the two languages. The conducted comparison led to the conclusion that the analysed material reveals higher activity and amount of such units in Russian, which, in comparison with Polish, is a system that is more flexible and mobile and is regularly used in speech for creating emotionally marked forms.
EN
The objective of this article is to analyze the use of love nicknames for women and men in the French-speaking context, especially in France and Quebec. From the lexicographic devices and resources of the Web, we have developed a corpus of words which we have analyzed in more detail with the tools of corpus linguistics, namely on the platform Néoveille and in the corpora Araneum allowing to measure the frequencies of employment in the two distinct contexts, French (from France) and Québécois French. This article has a threefold purpose. First, we will try to characterize and classify the affectionate nicknames. Second, we will present all of the words collected for our analysis and we will comment on them according to the processes of their formation or their belonging to a specified domain. Finally, we will verify the frequency of use of a sample of words chosen from the linguistic corpus mentioned above and we will notably compare the two contexts of our research to be able to decide on their similarities or differences.
FR
L’objectif de cette communication est d’analyser la productivité et l’usage des surnoms d’amour pour femmes et pour hommes dans le contexte francophone, notamment en France et au Québec. À partir des dispositifs lexicographiques et des ressources de la Toile, nous avons élaboré un corpus de mots que nous analysons plus en détail avec des outils de la linguistique de corpus, à savoir sur la plateforme Néoveille et dans les corpus slovaques Aranea permettant de mesurer les fréquences d’emploi dans les deux contextes distincts français et québécois. Premièrement, nous allons caractériser et classifier, en général, les surnoms affectifs pour femmes et pour hommes. Deuxièmement, nous allons présenter les mots recueillis pour notre analyse et nous allons les commenter en fonction des processus de leur formation ou de leur appartenance à un domaine déterminé. Finalement, nous allons vérifier la fréquence d’emploi et la productivité d’un échantillon de mots choisi dans des corpus linguistiques choisis, et nous allons comparer les deux contextes de notre recherche pour pouvoir nous prononcer sur leurs ressemblances ou différences.
PL
Niniejsza praca podejmuje próbę przeanalizowania na poziomie stylistycznym oraz kulturowym roli tłumaczenia zdrobnień w literaturze na podstawie wybranych opowiadań ze zbioru „Ostatnie życzenie” A. Sapkowskiego i angielskiego przekładu autorstwa Danusi Stok. W czasie, gdy słowiańska kultura stała się przedmiotem zainteresowania anglojęzycznej publiczności wraz z rosnącą popularnością gry komputerowej i serialu opartych na Sadze o Wiedźminie Andrzeja Sapkowskiego, uwydatniła się bariera językowa i kulturowa, z którą musi się zmierzyć każdy tłumacz, niezależnie od tego, czy język, którego zdrobnienia są częścią, jest dla niego rodzimy. Przetłumaczenie tekstu na język, w którym zdrobnienia nie odgrywają tak znaczącej roli jak w oryginale, wymaga nie tylko dobrej znajomości leksyki, ale również umiejętności wyrażenia każdej z czterech różnych funkcji zdrobnień w odpowiedni sposób. W pracy zebrano wszystkie zdrobnienia i spieszczenia z wybranego opowiadania, a następnie porównano je z odpowiednimi frazami w anglojęzycznym tłumaczeniu, aby dokonać oceny technik zastosowanych przez tłumaczkę oraz zaproponować ewentualne alternatywne rozwiązania. Autorki są przekonane, że dokładne spojrzenie na tłumaczenie zdrobnień pozwoli szerszej publiczności docenić niuanse znaczeniowe, które oddają wyjątkowy charakter dzieła jakże zanurzonego w polskich i słowiańskich tradycjach, które zdrobnieniami są przesiąknięte i czynią z nich tak powszechny jak i literacki użytek.
EN
AbstractThis study attempts to analyse the stylistic and cultural role of diminutives using examples from the short story collection The Last Wish by A. Sapkowski. With the rising popularity of the computer game series as well as the Netflix series based on The Witcher Saga, so rose the interest of the English-speaking world in the Slavic culture. The role of diminutives can present a serious linguistic and cultural barrier for any translator as they may or may not be present in the translator’s native tongue. Translating a text to a language in which diminutives play a significantly smaller role than in the original requires not only a robust lexical knowledge, but also the ability to express each of the four distinct functions of diminutives in an appropriate manner. The method chosen for this study involves compiling all the diminutives and hypocorisms from a given short story and comparing them with corresponding phrases chosen by the translator, as well as evaluating the techniques used and providing alternatives where applicable. The authors believe that a close look at the translation of diminutives will allow the public to fully appreciate the depth and nuance of meaning characterising the work steeped in Polish and Slavic tradition to such extent.
EN
The article presents first names and derivatives derived from first names, used in families in Warmia in the 19th century. The material was gathered from the work of W. Barczewski, Kiermasy in Warmia. Names in Warmian families were passed down from generation to generation and given in accordance with family tradition. The selection of names was scarce. First names were rare in common circulation, more often short names and deminutive-hypocoristic forms created with a small number of formants were used. The number of diminutive or playful female names was limited. These were created by name derivatives: Luca, Jewka, Lucka, Nulka, Baśka, Basia, Barwuchna, Dośka, Waleśka, Elzka, Joanka, Finka, Katrynka, Kaśka, Marychna, and Staśka. Of the male names, Barczewski certified ten names in basic forms: Jakub, Andrzej, Stefan, Klement, Michał, Maciej, Marcin, Joachim, Wojciech, Kazimierz and derivative hypocorrisms and deminutive forms: Janek, Michałek, Maciek, Kuba, Kubal, Kubalek, Kaźnirek, Wojtek, Jędrysek, Józefek, Wiktorek, Frąck, Matys. Respect for adults was expressed through full names, whereas children were addressed with deminutive-hypocorristic forms, and emotionally-oriented forms.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zdrobnień w polskim i niderlandzkim tłumaczeniu francuskiej noweli pt. Mały Książę (Le Petit Prince) Antoine’a de Saint-Exupéry'ego. Po przedstawieniu podstawowych zasad tworzenia zdrobnień w języku francuskim, niderlandzkim i polskim, z uwzględnieniem ich podziału i funkcji, podjęta została próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy liczba zdrobnień w obydwu przekładach jest równie niewielka jak w tekście oryginału — główny cel badania. Mały Książę to nowela przeznaczona (w pierwotnym założeniu) dla dzieci, dlatego zdrobnienia odgrywają w niej istotną rolę. Również z tego powodu ważny jest sposób, w jaki polscy i holenderscy tłumacze noweli rozwiązali problemem renderowania zdrobnień.
EN
The article’s main objective is the analysis of the Dutch and Polish translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s novella Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince). After the opening remarks, the theoretical framework (i.e. the formation, classification, and functions of diminutives in French, Dutch, and Polish) is presented, followed by a quantitative analysis of diminutives in the original texts and the two translations. The Little Prince in this French original contains relatively few diminutives, especially given the fact that de Saint-Exupéry’s novella was originally classified as children’s literature, therefore answering the question whether the Dutch and Polish translations contain equally few diminutives as the French original is the main purpose of the analysis. Another issue addressed in the study is how the Polish and Dutch translators of the novel solved the problem of rendering diminutives in translation.
NL
Deze bijdrage wil aan de hand van een corpus van twee vertalingen van de Franse novelle Le Petit Prince van Antoine de Saint-Exupéry kijken naar de vertaalmogelijkheden van diminutieven in het Nederlands en Pools. Het belangrijkste doel van de uitgevoerde analyse is om de vraag te kunnen beantwoorden of de Nederlandse en Poolse vertaling net zo weinig verkleinwoorden bevatten als het Franse origineel. De diminutiva zijn in deze tekst van groot belang omdat het een novelle is voor kinderen. Een ander probleem dat in de studie aan de orde komt, is hoe de Poolse en Nederlandse vertalers van deze novelle een probleem van het weergeven van verkleinwoorden hebben aangepakt. Het artikel schetst tevens een theoretische achtergrond van de principes voor het creëren van verkleinwoorden in het Frans, Nederlands en Pools, samen met hun verdeling en functies.
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